Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

01-12-2010

Brooding and Reflection as Subtypes of Rumination: Evidence from Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Nonclinical Samples using the Dutch Ruminative Response Scale

Auteurs: Hanne Schoofs, Dirk Hermans, Filip Raes

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 4/2010

Abstract

Previous research has shown that depressive rumination is an important vulnerability factor for experiencing depressive symptoms. The most widely used measure to assess depressive rumination is the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). According to Treynor et al. (Cognitive Therapy and Research 27:247–259, 2003), the RRS contains two subscales, reflecting two different rumination subcomponents: brooding and reflection. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the RRS in two samples (N = 432 and N = 407). Based on a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), results confirmed that a two-dimensional model with brooding and reflection factors provided an adequate fit to the data. Reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the rumination subcomponents were appropriate. Furthermore, brooding but not reflection predicted depressive symptoms prospectively, even when accounting for concurrent depressive feelings. The results provide the first confirmatory factor-analytical support for the widely assumed two-factor model of the RRS and add to the accumulating body of evidence supporting the multidimensional nature of depressive rumination.

vorige artikel Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Suicide Anger Expression Inventory—28

The RRS by Raes and Hermans (2007) is a slight adaptation of the original Dutch RRS by Raes et al. (2003). Raes et al. (2003) translated the original 22-item RRS of Nolen-Hoeksema (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow 1991). This widely circulated RRS version, however, does not include two items that appear in the Brooding scale of the more recent 22-item RRS (Treynor et al. 2003; previously published as Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1999). Therefore, the original Dutch RRS was adapted query(Raes and Hermans 2007) so that it now contains the same 22 items as the recent English RRS as seen in Treynor et al. (2003) with the same five Brooding and five Reflection items.

Baker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI–II) manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Enico, CA: Multivariate Software.

Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.CrossRef

Bollen, K. A. (1989). Confirmatory factor analysis. In K. A. Bollen (Ed.), Structural equations with latent variables (pp. 226–318). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bozdogan, H. (1987). Model selection and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC): The general theory and its analytical extensions. Psychometrika, 52, 345–370.CrossRef

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen & S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park: Sage.

Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Association between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 56–65.PubMedCrossRef

Chen, P. Y., & Popovich, P. M. (2002). Correlation: Parametric and nonparametric measures. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 584–594.PubMedCrossRef

Debeer, E., Raes, F., & Hermans, D. (2009). Associations between components of rumination and autobiografical memory specificity as measured by a Minimal Instructions Autobiografical Memory Test. Memory, 17, 892–903.

Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Franck, E., De Raedt, R., Barbez, C., & Rosseel, Y. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Psychologica Belgica, 48, 25–35.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRef

Joormann, J., Dkane, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006). Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Behavior Therapy, 37, 269–280.PubMedCrossRef

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software.

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8. 50. Chicago: Scientific Software International.

Kerkhof, A., Hermans, D., Figee, A., Laeremans, I., Pieters, G., & Aardema, A. (2000). De Penn State Worry Questionnaire en de Worry Domains Questionnaire: Eerste resultaten bij Nederlandse en Vlaamse klinische en poliklinische populaties. [The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: First results in Dutch and Flemish clinical and policlinical populations]. Gedragstherapie, 33, 135–146.

Lo, C. S. L., Ho, S. M. Y., & Hollon, S. D. (2008). The effects of rumination and negative cognitive styles on depression: A mediation analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 487–495.PubMedCrossRef

Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., et al. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58–82.CrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 339–349.PubMedCrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176–190.PubMedCrossRef

Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.PubMedCrossRef

Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1997). Suppression and dissociation. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 523–525.

Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Horselenberg, R. (1996). Individual differences in thought suppression. The white bear suppression inventory: Factor structure, reliability, validity and correlates. Behaviour Therapy and Research, 34, 501–513.CrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 190, 504–511.CrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2004). The response style theory. In C. Papageorgiou & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment (pp. 107–123). West Sussex: Wiley.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). “Thanks for sharing that”: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801–814.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061–1072.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400–424.CrossRef

O’Connor, R. C., & Noyce, R. (2008). Personality and cognitive processes: Self-criticism and different types of rumination as predictors of suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 392–401.PubMedCrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2001). Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: Development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale. Behavior Therapy, 22, 13–26.CrossRef

Pullman, H., & Allik, J. (2000). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale: its dimensionality, stability, and personality correlates in Estonian. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 701–715.CrossRef

Raes, F., & Hermans, D. (2007). The revised version of the Dutch Ruminative Response Scale. Unpublished instrument.

Raes, F., & Hermans, D. (2008). On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: Brooding versus reflection. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 1067–1070.PubMedCrossRef

Raes, F., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (2003). De Nederlandstalige versie van de Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) en de Rumination on Sadness Scale (RSS-NL). [The Dutch version of the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) and the Rumination on Sadness Scale (RRS-NL)]. Gedragstherapie, 36, 97–104.

Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8, 23–74.

Surrence, K., Miranda, R., Marroquin, B. M., & Chan, S. (2009). Brooding and reflective rumination among suicide attempters: Cognitive vulnerability to suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 803–808.

Thomsen, D. K. (2006). The association between rumination and negative affect: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 1216–1235.CrossRef

Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284–304.PubMedCrossRef

Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247–259.CrossRef

Van den Hout, M. A., Merckelbach, H., & Pool, K. (1996). Dissociation, reality monitoring, trauma and thought suppression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 97–108.CrossRef

Van der Does, A. J. W. (2002). Handleiding bij de Nederlandse bewerking van de BDI–II. Enschede: The Psychological Corporation/Swets test Publishers.

van Rijsoort, S., Vervaeke, G., & Emmelkamp, P. (1997). De Penn State Worry Questionnaire en de Worry Domains Questionnaire: eerste resultaten bij een normale Nederlandse populatie. [The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: First results in a normal Dutch population]. Gedragstherapie, 30, 121–128.

Verstraeten, K., Vasey, M. V., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2010). Brooding and reflection as components of rumination in late childhood. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 367–372.

Watkins, E. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163–206.PubMedCrossRef

Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. (2005). Positive beliefs about rumination in depression: A replication and extension. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 73–82.CrossRef

Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615–640.CrossRef

Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., et al. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 122–148.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Brooding and Reflection as Subtypes of Rumination: Evidence from Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Nonclinical Samples using the Dutch Ruminative Response Scale
Auteurs: Hanne Schoofs
Dirk Hermans
Filip Raes
Publicatiedatum: 01-12-2010
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 4/2010
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9182-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2010

Assessment of Score Dependability of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales Using Generalizability Analysis

Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: Conceptual Challenges

The Five-Factor Model of Personality at the Facet Level: Association with Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms and Prediction of Antisocial Behavior

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Suicide Anger Expression Inventory—28

Cluster A Personality Symptomatology in Youth

Current Considerations in the Assessment of Youth Narcissism: Indicators of Pathological and Normative Development