Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

23-04-2021 | Brief Report

Brief Report: Links Between Nonconformity to Gender Norms, Autistic Features, and Internalizing Symptoms in a Non-clinical College Sample

Auteurs: Hillary K. Schiltz, Alana J. McVey, Ilana Seager van Dyk, Elyse J. Adler, Amy V. Van Hecke

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 4/2023

Abstract

Research shows elevated gender variance among autistic people and more autistic traits among gender diverse people, each of which is related to mental health concerns. Little work has explored broad features of these presentations in a non-clinical sample. College students (n = 174) ages 18–22 years completed questionnaires assessing the broader autism phenotype (BAP), autistic features, nonconformity to gender norms, and internalizing symptoms. Those with more BAP features or autistic communication reported more nonconformity to gender norms. Higher levels of internalizing symptoms were related to more gender nonconformity, BAP, and autistic features. Gender nonconformity marginally moderated the effect of BAP on depression but not anxiety. The BAP, autistic features, and gender nonconformity are important in understanding mental well-being.

vorige artikel Case Report: Drawing “IT”—A Neuropsychological Study on Visuospatial Abilities of a Boy with Autism and Drawing Talent

volgende artikel Brief Report: An Exploration of Cognitive Flexibility of Autistic Adolescents with Low Intelligence Using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

Gender dysphoria is an understandable discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identity and their sex assigned at birth, the associated gender role, and/or primary and secondary sex characteristics (APA, 2013).

The terms Broader Autism Phenotype and Broad Autism Phenotype have been used in the literature and are synonymous.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Bailey, J. M., Bechtold, K. T., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2002). Who are tomboys and why should we study them? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016272209463CrossRefPubMed

Baker, A. R. (2002). Invisible at the end of the spectrum: Shadows, residues,‘BAP’, and the female Aspergers experience. World Autism Congress.

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, malesand females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005653411471CrossRefPubMed

Botha, M. (2020). Autistic community connectedness as a buffer against the effects of minority stress. University of Surrey. https://doi.org/10.15126/thesis.00854098

Botha, M., & Frost, D. M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869318804297CrossRef

Connolly, M. D., Zervos, M. J., Barone, C. J., II., Johnson, C. C., & Joseph, C. L. M. (2016). The mental health of transgender youth: Advances in understanding. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(5), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012CrossRef

De Vries, A. L. C., Noens, I. L. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A., & Doreleijers, T. A. (2010). Autism spectrum disorders in gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 930–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Deogracias, J. J., Johnson, L. L., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Kessler, S. J., Schober, J. M., & Zucker, K. J. (2007). The gender identity/gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults. Journal of Sex Research, 44(4), 370–379CrossRefPubMed

Dewinter, J., De Graaf, H., & Begeer, S. (2017). Sexual orientation, gender identity, and romantic relationships in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2927–2934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3199-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ehrensaft, D. (2018). Double helix rainbow kids. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4079–4081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3716-5CrossRefPubMed

George, R., & Stokes, M. A. (2018a). A quantitative analysis of mental health among sexual and gender minority groups in ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 2052–2063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3469-1CrossRefPubMed

George, R., & Stokes, M. A. (2018b). Gender identity and sexual orientation in autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22(8), 970–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317714587CrossRefPubMed

Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029597CrossRef

Heylens, G., Aspeslagh, L., Dierickx, J., Baetens, K., Van Hoorde, B., De Cuypere, G., & Elaut, E. (2018). The co-occurrence of gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder in adults: An analysis of cross-sectional and clinical chart data. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 2217–2223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3480-6CrossRefPubMed

Hollocks, M. J., Lerh, J. W., Magiati, I., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Brugha, T. S. (2018). Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002283CrossRefPubMed

Hollocks, M. J., Lerh, J. W., Magiati, I., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Brugha, T. S. (2019). Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002283CrossRefPubMed

Hurley, R. S. E., Losh, M., Parlier, M., Reznick, J. S., & Piven, J. (2007). The broad autism phenotype questionnaire. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1679–1690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0299-3CrossRefPubMed

Ingersoll, B., & Wainer, A. (2014). The broader autism phenotype. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Fourth Edition. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118911389.hautc02CrossRef

Jobe, L. E., & White, S. W. (2007). Loneliness, social relationships, and a broader autism phenotype in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1479–1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.021CrossRef

Julian, L. J. (2011). Measures of anxiety. Arthritis Care & Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20561CrossRef

Kerns, C. M., Newschaffer, C. J., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2015). Traumatic childhood events and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3475–3486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2392-yCrossRefPubMed

Landry, O., & Chouinard, P. A. (2016). Why we should study the broader autism phenotype in typically developing populations. Journal of Cognition and Development, 17(4), 584–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2016.1200046CrossRef

Lipson, S. K., Raifman, J., Abelson, S., & Reisner, S. L. (2019). Gender minority mental health in the US: Results of a national survey on college campuses. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(3), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.025CrossRefPubMed

Matelski, A. M., Yadlosky, L. B., Andrus, J., Plunkett, E., & de St. Aubin, E. (2016). Conceptualizing gender conformity and well-being: Breaking down the binary. Midwestern Psychological Association.

May, T., Pang, K., & Williams, K. J. (2017). Gender variance in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder from the National Database for Autism Research. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2016.1241976CrossRef

McVey, A. J., Dolan, B. K., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S., Karst, J. S., Casnar, C. L., Caiozzo, C., Vogt, E. M., Gordon, N. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2016). A replication and extension of the PEERS® for young adults social skills intervention: Examining effects on social skills and social anxiety in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(12), 3739–3754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2911-5

Medicine, I. (2011). The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13128

Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Murphy, J., Prentice, F., Walsh, R., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2020). Autism and transgender identity: Implications for depression and anxiety. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101466CrossRef

Nishiyama, T., & Kanne, S. M. (2014). On the misapplication of the BAPQ in a study of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 2079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2077-yCrossRefPubMed

Piven, J., & Sasson, N. J. (2014). On the misapplication of the broad autism phenotype questionnaire in a study of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 2077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2076-zCrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306CrossRef

Rieger, G., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2012). Gender nonconformity, sexual orientation, and psychological well-being. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(3), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9738-0CrossRefPubMed

Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Dolan, B. K., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S., Karst, J. S., Carson, A. M., Caiozzo, C., Vogt, E. M., Yund, B. D., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2018). Changes in depressive symptoms among adolescents with ASD completing the PEERS® social skills intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(3), 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3396-6

Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Dolan Wozniak, B., Haendel, A. D., Stanley, R., Arias, A., Gordon, N., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2020). The role of loneliness as a mediator between autism features and mental health among autistic young adults. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320967789

Schohl, K. A., Van Hecke, A. V, Carson, A. M., Dolan, B., Karst, J., & Stevens, S. (2014). A replication and extension of the PEERS intervention: Examining effects on social skills and social anxiety in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1900-1

Shumer, D. E., Roberts, A. L., Reisner, S. L., Lyall, K., & Austin, S. B. (2015). Brief report: Autistic traits in mothers and children associated with child’s gender nonconformity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(5), 1489–1494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2292-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety scale. Consulting Psychologists.

Stice, L. V., & Lavner, J. A. (2019). Social connectedness and loneliness mediate the association between autistic traits and internalizing symptoms among young adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 1096–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3812-6CrossRefPubMed

Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L., Dominska, A., Sokoloff, J., Kenealy, L. E., Berl, M., Walsh, K., Menvielle, E., Slesaransky-Poe, G., & Kim, K.-E. (2014). Increased gender variance in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1525–1533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0285-3CrossRefPubMed

Strang, J. F., Powers, M. D., Knauss, M., Sibarium, E., Leibowitz, S. F., Kenworthy, L., Sadikova, E., Wyss, S., Willing, L., & Caplan, R. (2018). “They thought it was an obsession”: Trajectories and perspectives of autistic transgender and gender-diverse adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4039–4055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3723-6CrossRefPubMed

Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Rose-Foley, K., Magiati, I., Cai, R. Y., Dissanayake, C., Richdale, A., & Trollor, J. (2019). Anxiety and depression from adolescence to old age in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04084-zCrossRefPubMed

van Beusekom, G., Baams, L., Bos, H. M. W., Overbeek, G., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2016). Gender nonconformity, homophobic peer victimization, and mental health: How same-sex attraction and biological sex matter. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.993462CrossRefPubMed

van der Miesen, A. I. R., de Vries, A. L. C., Steensma, T. D., & Hartman, C. A. (2018). Autistic symptoms in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1537–1548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3417-5CrossRefPubMed

Van Der Miesen, A. I. R., Hurley, H., & De Vries, A. L. C. (2016). Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199CrossRefPubMed

VanderLaan, D. P., Leef, J. H., Wood, H., Hughes, S. K., & Zucker, K. J. (2015). Autism spectrum disorder risk factors and autistic traits in gender dysphoric children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1742–1750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2331-3CrossRefPubMed

Wainer, A. L., Ingersoll, B. R., & Hopwood, C. J. (2011). The structure and nature of the broader autism phenotype in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(4), 459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9259-0CrossRef

Warren, J. C., Smalley, K. B., & Barefoot, K. N. (2016). Psychological well-being among transgender and genderqueer individuals. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17(3–4), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2016.1216344CrossRef

Warrier, V., Greenberg, D. M., Weir, E., Buckingham, C., Smith, P., Lai, M.-C., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2020). Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–12CrossRef

Wylie, S. A., Corliss, H. L., Boulanger, V., Prokop, L. A., & Austin, S. B. (2010). Socially assigned gender nonconformity: A brief measure for use in surveillance and investigation of health disparities. Sex Roles, 63(3–4), 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9798-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zucker, K. J., Mitchell, J. N., Bradley, S. J., Tkachuk, J., Cantor, J. M., & Allin, S. M. (2006). The recalled childhood gender identity/gender role questionnaire: Psychometric properties. Sex Roles, 54(7–8), 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9019-xCrossRef

Titel: Brief Report: Links Between Nonconformity to Gender Norms, Autistic Features, and Internalizing Symptoms in a Non-clinical College Sample
Auteurs: Hillary K. Schiltz
Alana J. McVey
Ilana Seager van Dyk
Elyse J. Adler
Amy V. Van Hecke
Publicatiedatum: 23-04-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 4/2023
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05033-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2023

Caregiver Insights and Improvement Strategies for Youth with Autism Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

A Meta-analysis of Mental Time Travel in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

An Initial Development and Evaluation of a Culturally Responsive Police Interactions Training for Black Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Sex Differences in Autism: Examining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Children and Adolescents Enrolled in a National ASD Cohort

Correction: All Humans Have a ‘Theory of Mind’

Resources, Problems and Challenges of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Support System in Poland