Introduction
Method
Patient selection and procedure
Measures
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Type D personality
Positive affect
Health status
Cardiac symptoms and feelings of disability
Statistical analyses
Results
Responders versus non-responders
Patient characteristics
Total sample (n = 276) | Non-Type D High positive affecta
(n = 117) | Non-Type D Low positive affect (n = 103) | Type D (n = 56) |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Females | 23.9 (66) | 21.4 (25) | 28.2 (29) | 18.2 (12) | .44 |
Age, mean (SD) | 65.9 (9.5) | 64.3 (10.1) | 66.5 (9.0) | 68.0 (8.8) | .04* |
Having no partner | 25.7 (71) | 25.6 (30) | 24.3 (25) | 28.6 (16) | .84 |
Low educational level | 33.0 (91) | 22.2 (26) | 39.8 (41) | 42.9 (24) | .005** |
Clinical variables | |||||
LVEF, mean (SD)b
| 31.8 (6.7) | 32.3 (6.7) | 31.6 (6.5) | 31.2 (7.2) | .56 |
NYHA-class III/IVc
| 33 (91) | 28.6 (26) | 37.9 (39) | 46.4 (26) | .003** |
Ischemic etiology | 41.3 (114) | 41.0 (48) | 39.8 (41) | 44.6 (25) | .84 |
Current smoking | 22.5 (62) | 25.6 (30) | 24.3 (25) | 12.5 (7) | .13 |
Cardiac historyd
| 63.0 (174) | 60.7 (71) | 67.0 (69) | 60.7 (34) | .58 |
Stroke/TIA | 15.2 (42) | 15.4 (18) | 20.4 (21) | 5.4 (3) | .04* |
Diabetes mellitus | 24.6 (68) | 23.9 (28) | 24.3 (25) | 26.8 (15) | .92 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 54.7 (151) | 55.6 (65) | 52.4 (54) | 57.1 (32) | .83 |
Hypertension | 34.1 (94) | 34.2 (40) | 34.0 (35) | 33.9 (19) | .99 |
Renal disease | 10.5 (29) | 7.7 (9) | 11.7 (12) | 14.3 (8) | .37 |
COPDe
| 13.8 (38) | 18.8 (22) | 9.7 (10) | 10.7 (6) | .11 |
PADf
| 17 (47) | 20.5 (24) | 12.6 (13) | 17.9 (10) | .29 |
Medication | |||||
Beta-blockers | 67.4 (186) | 70.9 (83) | 62.1 (64) | 69.6 (39) | .35 |
ACE-inhibitors | 72.5 (200) | 70.1 (82) | 73.8 (76) | 75.0 (42) | .74 |
Calcium-antagonists | 13.4 (37) | 12.0 (14) | 9.7 (10) | 23.2 (13) | .05* |
ARBg
| 19.6 (54) | 21.4 (25) | 17.5 (18) | 11 (19.6) | .77 |
Spironolactone | 20.3 (56) | 22.2 (26) | 18.4 (19) | 19.6 (11) | .78 |
Nitrates | 27.2 (75) | 22.2 (26) | 27.2 (28) | 37.5 (21) | .11 |
Statins | 54.7 (151) | 58.1 (68) | 48.5 (50) | 58.9 (33) | .28 |
Aspirin | 39.5 (109) | 38.5 (45) | 38.8 (40) | 42.9 (24) | .85 |
Diuretics | 74.6 (206) | 69.2 (81) | 73.8 (76) | 87.5 (49) | .04* |
Positive affect, Type D personality, and health status
Mental component summary | Physical component summary | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
t
|
P
|
β
|
t
|
P
| |
Univariable analyses | ||||||
Non-Type D and low PAa
| −.25 | −4.04 | <.001* | −.22 | −3.49 | .001*** |
Type Da
| −.34 | −5.52 | <.001*** | −.26 | −4.04 | <.001*** |
Multivariable analyses | ||||||
Non-Type D and low PAa
| −.19 | −2.92 | .004** | −.11 | −1.80 | .07 |
Type Da
| −.31 | −4.34 | <.001*** | −.11 | −1.70 | .09 |
Female gender | −.03 | −.49 | .62 | −.16 | −2.88 | .004** |
Age | −.01 | −.10 | .63 | −.05 | −.87 | .38 |
Having no partner | .03 | .56 | .58 | −.09 | −1.71 | .09 |
Lower educational level | −.007 | −.11 | .91 | −.03 | −.54 | .59 |
Current smoking | −.04 | −.61 | .54 | −.08 | −1.51 | .13 |
NYHA class III-IV | −.04 | −.59 | .56 | .01 | .17 | .86 |
LVEF | −.08 | −1.21 | .23 | −.07 | −1.22 | .23 |
Stroke/TIA | −.11 | −1.88 | .06 | .003 | .06 | .95 |
COPD | .06 | 1.07 | .29 | −.03 | −.47 | .64 |
Statins | .04 | .69 | .49 | −.15 | −2.77 | .006** |
Calcium-antagonists | .12 | 1.94 | .05* | −.11 | −2.04 | .04 |
Diuretics | −.10 | −1.57 | .11 | −.08 | −1.50 | .13 |
Health status at inclusion | .10 | 1.66 | .10 | .37 | 6.07 | <.001*** |
R
2
|
.16
|
.31
|
Positive affect, Type D personality, cardiac symptoms and feelings of disability
Cardiac symptoms | Feelings of disability | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
t
|
P
|
β
|
t
|
P
| |
Univariable analyses | ||||||
Non-Type D and low PAa
| .22 | 3.59 | <.001** | .23 | 3.82 | <.001** |
Type Da
| .39 | 6.42 | <.001** | .45 | 7.62 | <.001 |
Multivariable analyses | ||||||
Non-Type D and low PAa
| .04 | .79 | .43 | .10 | 2.02 | .04* |
Type Da
| .11 | 2.11 | .04* | .17 | 3.22 | .001** |
Female gender | −.006 | −.15 | .88 | −.002 | −.05 | .96 |
Age | .07 | 1.54 | .13 | .08 | 1.84 | .07 |
Having no partner | −.02 | −.50 | .62 | −.03 | −.76 | .45 |
Lower educational level | .06 | 1.42 | .16 | .005 | .12 | .91 |
Current smoking | .02 | .54 | .59 | .06 | 1.37 | .17 |
NYHA class III–IV | .008 | .19 | .85 | .05 | 1.03 | .30 |
LVEF | .09 | 1.96 | .05* | .09 | 2.02 | .04* |
Stroke/TIA | .009 | .22 | .83 | .05 | 1.09 | .28 |
COPD | .01 | .34 | .74 | .02 | .43 | .67 |
Statins | −.006 | −.14 | .89 | −.01 | −.33 | .74 |
Calcium-antagonists | −.01 | −.25 | .81 | −.02 | −.50 | .62 |
Diuretics | .04 | 1.03 | .31 | .05 | 1.08 | .28 |
Symptoms and feelings of disability at inclusion | .69 | 14.83 | <.001** | .62 | 12.52 | <.001** |
R
2
|
.58
|
.53
|