Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Neuropraxis 6/2011

01-12-2011

Beeldvormend onderzoek naar de effecten van geslachtshormonen op de hersenen: onderzoek bijtransseksuelen

Auteur: Mw. dr. Baudewijntje Kreukels

Gepubliceerd in: Neuropraxis | Uitgave 6/2011

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

Mannen en vrouwen verschillen van elkaar en geslachtshormonen spelen daarbij een rol; ze beïnvloeden hersenen en gedrag. De onderzoeker naar de effecten van geslachtshormonen op het brein maakt onderscheid tussen organiserende en activerende effecten. Onder organiserende effecten wordt de invloed van prenatale hormonen op de organisatie van de hersenen verstaan, terwijl de effecten van geslachtshormonen op reeds bestaande hersensystemen activerend worden genoemd. Transseksuelen ervaren een genderidentiteit die niet overeenkomt met hun geboortegeslacht. Organiserende effecten van geslachtshormonen spelen mogelijk een rol bij het ontstaan van deze discrepantie. Met behulp van beeldvormend onderzoek kunnen eventuele determinanten voor de ontwikkeling van transseksualiteit bestudeerd worden. De vraag die daarbij gesteld wordt, is of transseksuelen op verschillende uitkomstmaten meer gelijkenis vertonen met hun geboortegeslacht of met hun –wensgeslacht. Daarnaast biedt de behandeling met cross-sex-hormonen de mogelijkheid activerende effecten van geslachtshormonen op het brein te onderzoeken. In dit artikel geef ik een overzicht van recent beeldvormend onderzoek naar de effecten van geslachtshormonen bij transseksuelen.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (2000).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association (2000).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.CrossRef
go back to reference Bakker, J. (2009). De rol van geslachtshormonen bij de seksuele differentiatie van de hersenen en gedrag.Neuropraxis, 13,6, 147–152.CrossRef Bakker, J. (2009). De rol van geslachtshormonen bij de seksuele differentiatie van de hersenen en gedrag.Neuropraxis, 13,6, 147–152.CrossRef
go back to reference Berglund, H., Lindstrom, P., Dhejne-Helmy, C. & Savic, I. (2008). Maleto- female transsexuals show sex-atypical hypothalamus activation when smelling odorous steroids.Cerebral Cortex, 18,8, 1900–1908.PubMedCrossRef Berglund, H., Lindstrom, P., Dhejne-Helmy, C. & Savic, I. (2008). Maleto- female transsexuals show sex-atypical hypothalamus activation when smelling odorous steroids.Cerebral Cortex, 18,8, 1900–1908.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Blanchard, R. (1989). The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18,4, 315–334.PubMedCrossRef Blanchard, R. (1989). The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18,4, 315–334.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Blanchard, R. (2008). Deconstructing the feminine essence narrative.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 434–438.PubMedCrossRef Blanchard, R. (2008). Deconstructing the feminine essence narrative.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 434–438.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Blanchard, R., Dickey, R. & Jones, C.L.(1995). Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24,5, 543–554.PubMedCrossRef Blanchard, R., Dickey, R. & Jones, C.L.(1995). Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24,5, 543–554.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cantor, J. (2011). New MRI studies support the Blanchard typology of Male-to-Female transsexualism.Archives of Sexual Behavior, [epub ahead of print]. Cantor, J. (2011). New MRI studies support the Blanchard typology of Male-to-Female transsexualism.Archives of Sexual Behavior, [epub ahead of print].
go back to reference Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Rametti, G., Junque, C., Gomez, A., Karadi, K., Segovia, S. & Guillamon, A. (2010). Cortical activation during mental rotation in male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals under hormonal treatment.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35,8, 1213–1222.PubMedCrossRef Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Rametti, G., Junque, C., Gomez, A., Karadi, K., Segovia, S. & Guillamon, A. (2010). Cortical activation during mental rotation in male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals under hormonal treatment.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35,8, 1213–1222.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Goozen, S.H. van, Doorn, C.D. & Gooren, L.J. (1998). Cognitive ability and cerebral lateralisation in transsexuals.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23,6, 631–641.PubMedCrossRef Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Goozen, S.H. van, Doorn, C.D. & Gooren, L.J. (1998). Cognitive ability and cerebral lateralisation in transsexuals.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23,6, 631–641.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Flor-Henry, P. (2010). EEG analysis of Male to Female transsexuals: discriminant function and source analysis.Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 41,4, 219–222.PubMed Flor-Henry, P. (2010). EEG analysis of Male to Female transsexuals: discriminant function and source analysis.Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 41,4, 219–222.PubMed
go back to reference Garcia-Falgueras, A. & Swaab, D.F. (2008). A sex difference in the hypothalamic uncinate nucleus: relationship to gender identity.Brain, 131,12, 3132–3146.PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Falgueras, A. & Swaab, D.F. (2008). A sex difference in the hypothalamic uncinate nucleus: relationship to gender identity.Brain, 131,12, 3132–3146.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gizewski, E.R., Krause, E., Schlamann, M., Happich, F., Ladd, M.E., Forsting, M. & Senf, W. (2009). Specific cerebral activation due to visual erotic stimuli in male-to-female transsexuals compared with male and female controls: an fMRI study.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6,2, 440–448.PubMedCrossRef Gizewski, E.R., Krause, E., Schlamann, M., Happich, F., Ladd, M.E., Forsting, M. & Senf, W. (2009). Specific cerebral activation due to visual erotic stimuli in male-to-female transsexuals compared with male and female controls: an fMRI study.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6,2, 440–448.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gomez-Gil, E., Canizares, S., Torres, A., Torre, T.F. de la, Halperin, I. & Salamero, M. (2009). Androgen treatment effects on memory in female-to-male transsexuals.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34,1, 110–117.PubMedCrossRef Gomez-Gil, E., Canizares, S., Torres, A., Torre, T.F. de la, Halperin, I. & Salamero, M. (2009). Androgen treatment effects on memory in female-to-male transsexuals.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34,1, 110–117.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goozen, S.H. van , Slabbekoorn, D., Gooren, L.J., Sanders, G. & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2002). Organizing and activating effects of sex hormones in homosexual transsexuals.Behavioral Neuroscience, 116,6, 982–988.PubMedCrossRef Goozen, S.H. van , Slabbekoorn, D., Gooren, L.J., Sanders, G. & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2002). Organizing and activating effects of sex hormones in homosexual transsexuals.Behavioral Neuroscience, 116,6, 982–988.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goozen, S.H. van, Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Gooren, L.J., Frijda, N.H. & Poll, N.E. van de (1995). Gender differences in behaviour: activating effects of cross-sex hormones.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20,4, 343–363.PubMedCrossRef Goozen, S.H. van, Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Gooren, L.J., Frijda, N.H. & Poll, N.E. van de (1995). Gender differences in behaviour: activating effects of cross-sex hormones.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20,4, 343–363.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Haraldsen, I.R., Egeland, T., Haug, E., Finset, A. & Opjordsmoen, S. (2005). Cross-sex hormone treatment does not change sex-sensitive cognitive performance in gender identity disorder patients.Psychiatry Research, 137,3, 161–174.PubMedCrossRef Haraldsen, I.R., Egeland, T., Haug, E., Finset, A. & Opjordsmoen, S. (2005). Cross-sex hormone treatment does not change sex-sensitive cognitive performance in gender identity disorder patients.Psychiatry Research, 137,3, 161–174.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Haraldsen, I.R., Opjordsmoen, S., Egeland, T. & Finset, A. (2003). Sex-sensitive cognitive performance in untreated patients with early onset gender identity disorder.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 287, 906–915.CrossRef Haraldsen, I.R., Opjordsmoen, S., Egeland, T. & Finset, A. (2003). Sex-sensitive cognitive performance in untreated patients with early onset gender identity disorder.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 287, 906–915.CrossRef
go back to reference HulshoffPol, H.E., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Haren, N.E.M. van, Peper, J.S., Brans, R.G.H., Cahn, W., Schnack, H.G., Gooren, L.J.G. & Kahn, R.S. (2006). Changing your sex changes your brain: influences of testosterone and estrogen on adult human brain structure.European Journal of Endocrinology, 155, S107–S114.CrossRef HulshoffPol, H.E., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Haren, N.E.M. van, Peper, J.S., Brans, R.G.H., Cahn, W., Schnack, H.G., Gooren, L.J.G. & Kahn, R.S. (2006). Changing your sex changes your brain: influences of testosterone and estrogen on adult human brain structure.European Journal of Endocrinology, 155, S107–S114.CrossRef
go back to reference Kruijver, F.P., Zhou, J.N., Pool, C. W., Hofman, M.A., Gooren, L J. & Swaab, D.F. (2000). Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. The Journal ofClinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85,5, 2034–2041.CrossRef Kruijver, F.P., Zhou, J.N., Pool, C. W., Hofman, M.A., Gooren, L J. & Swaab, D.F. (2000). Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. The Journal ofClinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85,5, 2034–2041.CrossRef
go back to reference Künzel, H.E., Murck, H., Stalla, G.K. & Steiger, A. (2011). Changes in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) during male to female transgender therapy.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 1005–1009.PubMedCrossRef Künzel, H.E., Murck, H., Stalla, G.K. & Steiger, A. (2011). Changes in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) during male to female transgender therapy.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 1005–1009.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Levay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men.Science, 253(5023), 1034–1037.PubMedCrossRef Levay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men.Science, 253(5023), 1034–1037.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Luders, E., Sanchez, F.J., Gaser, C., Toga, A.W., Narr, K.L., Hamilton, L S. & Vilain, E. (2009). Regional grey matter variation in male-to-female transsexualism.Neuroimage, 46,4, 904–907.PubMedCrossRef Luders, E., Sanchez, F.J., Gaser, C., Toga, A.W., Narr, K.L., Hamilton, L S. & Vilain, E. (2009). Regional grey matter variation in male-to-female transsexualism.Neuroimage, 46,4, 904–907.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F. (2011). Transsexualism (“Gender Identity Disorder”) - A CNS-Limited Form of Intersexuality. inHormonal and genetic basis of sexual differentiation disorders and hot topics in endocrinology, M.I. New & J L. Simpson, eds., Springer Science+Business Media, 75–79. Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F. (2011). Transsexualism (“Gender Identity Disorder”) - A CNS-Limited Form of Intersexuality. inHormonal and genetic basis of sexual differentiation disorders and hot topics in endocrinology, M.I. New & J L. Simpson, eds., Springer Science+Business Media, 75–79.
go back to reference Miles, C., Green, R. & Hines, M. (2006). Estrogen treatment effects on cognition, memory and mood in male-to-female transsexuals.Hormones and Behavior, 50,5, 708–717.PubMedCrossRef Miles, C., Green, R. & Hines, M. (2006). Estrogen treatment effects on cognition, memory and mood in male-to-female transsexuals.Hormones and Behavior, 50,5, 708–717.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Miles, C., Green, R., Sanders, G. & Hines, M. (1998). Estrogen and memory in a transsexual population.Hormones and Behavior,34,2, 199–208.PubMedCrossRef Miles, C., Green, R., Sanders, G. & Hines, M. (1998). Estrogen and memory in a transsexual population.Hormones and Behavior,34,2, 199–208.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nawata, H., Ogomori, K., Tanaka, M., Nishimura, R., Urashima, H., Yano, R., Takano, K. & Kuwabara, Y. (2010). Regional cerebral blood flow changes in female to male gender identity disorder.Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 64,2, 157–161.CrossRef Nawata, H., Ogomori, K., Tanaka, M., Nishimura, R., Urashima, H., Yano, R., Takano, K. & Kuwabara, Y. (2010). Regional cerebral blood flow changes in female to male gender identity disorder.Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 64,2, 157–161.CrossRef
go back to reference Nieder, T.O., Herff, M., Cerwenka, S., Preuss, W.F., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Cuypere, G. De, Haraldsen I.R. & Richter-Appelt, H. (2011). Age of onset and sexual orientation in transsexual males and females.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8,3, 783–791.PubMedCrossRef Nieder, T.O., Herff, M., Cerwenka, S., Preuss, W.F., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Cuypere, G. De, Haraldsen I.R. & Richter-Appelt, H. (2011). Age of onset and sexual orientation in transsexual males and females.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8,3, 783–791.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Phoenix, C.H., Goy, R.W., Gerall, A.A. & Young, W.C. (1959). Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig.Endocrinology, 65, 369–382.PubMedCrossRef Phoenix, C.H., Goy, R.W., Gerall, A.A. & Young, W.C. (1959). Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig.Endocrinology, 65, 369–382.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rametti, G., Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Junque, C., Segovia, S., Gomez, A. & Guillamon, A. (2011a). White matter microstructure in female to male transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A diffusion tensor imaging study.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45,2, 199–204.CrossRef Rametti, G., Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Junque, C., Segovia, S., Gomez, A. & Guillamon, A. (2011a). White matter microstructure in female to male transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A diffusion tensor imaging study.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45,2, 199–204.CrossRef
go back to reference Rametti, G., Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Junque, C., Zubiarre-Elorza, L., Segovia, S., Gomez, A. & Guillamon, A. (2011b). The microstructure of white matter in male to female transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A DTI study.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45,7, 949–954.CrossRef Rametti, G., Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Junque, C., Zubiarre-Elorza, L., Segovia, S., Gomez, A. & Guillamon, A. (2011b). The microstructure of white matter in male to female transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A DTI study.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45,7, 949–954.CrossRef
go back to reference Rijn, A. van & Cohen-Kettenis P. (2003). Geslachtshormonen en transseksualiteit.Neuropraxis, 7,4, 120–124.CrossRef Rijn, A. van & Cohen-Kettenis P. (2003). Geslachtshormonen en transseksualiteit.Neuropraxis, 7,4, 120–124.CrossRef
go back to reference Savic, I. & Arver, S. (2011). Sex Dimorphism of the Brain in Male-to- Female Transsexuals.Cerebral Cortex [epub ahead of print]. Savic, I. & Arver, S. (2011). Sex Dimorphism of the Brain in Male-to- Female Transsexuals.Cerebral Cortex [epub ahead of print].
go back to reference Schilder, C., Dijk, S. van, Meinhardt, W., Dam, F. van & Schagen, S. (2011). Cognitief functioneren van prostaatkankerpatiënten die hormonale therapie ondergaan.Neuropraxis, 15,1, 20–26.CrossRef Schilder, C., Dijk, S. van, Meinhardt, W., Dam, F. van & Schagen, S. (2011). Cognitief functioneren van prostaatkankerpatiënten die hormonale therapie ondergaan.Neuropraxis, 15,1, 20–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Schöning, S., Engelien, A., Bauer, C., Kugel, H., Kersting, A., Roestel, C., Zwitserlood, P., Pyka, M., Dannlowski, U., Lehmann, W., Heindel, W., Arolt, V. & Konrad, C. (2010). Neuroimaging differences in spatial cognition between men and male-to-female transsexuals before and during hormone therapy.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7,5, 1858–1867.PubMedCrossRef Schöning, S., Engelien, A., Bauer, C., Kugel, H., Kersting, A., Roestel, C., Zwitserlood, P., Pyka, M., Dannlowski, U., Lehmann, W., Heindel, W., Arolt, V. & Konrad, C. (2010). Neuroimaging differences in spatial cognition between men and male-to-female transsexuals before and during hormone therapy.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7,5, 1858–1867.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schöning, S., Engelien, A., Kugel H., Schafer, S., Schiffbauer, H., Zwitserlood, P., Pletziger, E., Beizai, P., Kersting, A., Ohrmann, P., Greb, R.R., Lehman, W., Heindel, W., Arolt, V. & Konrad, C. (2007). Functional anatomy of visuo-spatial working memory during mental rotation is influenced by sex, menstrual cycle, and sex steroid hormones.Neuropsychologia, 45, 3203–14.PubMedCrossRef Schöning, S., Engelien, A., Kugel H., Schafer, S., Schiffbauer, H., Zwitserlood, P., Pletziger, E., Beizai, P., Kersting, A., Ohrmann, P., Greb, R.R., Lehman, W., Heindel, W., Arolt, V. & Konrad, C. (2007). Functional anatomy of visuo-spatial working memory during mental rotation is influenced by sex, menstrual cycle, and sex steroid hormones.Neuropsychologia, 45, 3203–14.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Slabbekoorn, D., Goozen, S.H. van, Megens, J., Gooren, L.J. & Cohen- Kettenis, P.T. (1999). Activating effects of cross-sex hormones on cognitive functioning: a study of short-term and long-term hormone effects in transsexuals.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24,4, 423–447.PubMedCrossRef Slabbekoorn, D., Goozen, S.H. van, Megens, J., Gooren, L.J. & Cohen- Kettenis, P.T. (1999). Activating effects of cross-sex hormones on cognitive functioning: a study of short-term and long-term hormone effects in transsexuals.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24,4, 423–447.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sommer, I.E., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Raalten, R.T. van, Veer, A.J. van der, Ramsey, L.E., Gooren, L.J., Kahn, R.S. & Ramsey, N.F. (2008). Effects of cross-sex hormones on cerebral activation during language and mental rotation: An fMRI study in transsexuals.European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18,3, 215–221.PubMedCrossRef Sommer, I.E., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Raalten, R.T. van, Veer, A.J. van der, Ramsey, L.E., Gooren, L.J., Kahn, R.S. & Ramsey, N.F. (2008). Effects of cross-sex hormones on cerebral activation during language and mental rotation: An fMRI study in transsexuals.European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18,3, 215–221.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wisniewski, A.B., Prendeville, M.T. & Dobs, A.S. (2005). Handedness, functional cerebral hemispheric lateralization, and cognition in male-to-female transsexuals receiving cross-sex hormone treatment.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,2, 167–172.PubMedCrossRef Wisniewski, A.B., Prendeville, M.T. & Dobs, A.S. (2005). Handedness, functional cerebral hemispheric lateralization, and cognition in male-to-female transsexuals receiving cross-sex hormone treatment.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,2, 167–172.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference World Health Organization (1992),International statistical classification of disease and related health problems (ICD, 10th revision) Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization (1992),International statistical classification of disease and related health problems (ICD, 10th revision) Geneva, Switzerland.
go back to reference Zhou, J.N., Hofman, M.A., Gooren, LJ. & Swaab, D.F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality.Nature, 378(6552), 68–70.PubMedCrossRef Zhou, J.N., Hofman, M.A., Gooren, LJ. & Swaab, D.F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality.Nature, 378(6552), 68–70.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Beeldvormend onderzoek naar de effecten van geslachtshormonen op de hersenen: onderzoek bijtransseksuelen
Auteur
Mw. dr. Baudewijntje Kreukels
Publicatiedatum
01-12-2011
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Neuropraxis / Uitgave 6/2011
Print ISSN: 1387-5817
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-5785
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12474-011-0029-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2011

Neuropraxis 6/2011 Naar de uitgave

EditorialNotes

Woorden vooraf

Announcement

Signalement