Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

16-08-2023 | Original Paper

Autism Prevalence and the Intersectionality of Assigned Sex at Birth, Race, and Ethnicity on Age of Diagnosis

Auteurs: Jessica E. Goldblum, Tyler C. McFayden, Stephanie Bristol, Orla C. Putnam, Amanda Wylie, Clare Harrop

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 10/2024

Abstract

Purpose

An official autism diagnosis is required to access timely intervention and is associated with better long-term wellbeing and mental health. Certain demographic characteristics, such as being female or a racially or ethnically minoritized youth, have been associated with significant diagnostic lag. However, it remains unclear how assigned sex, race, and ethnicity interact with each other in predicting the prevalence and age of autism diagnosis.

Methods

To examine the interactions between assigned sex, race, and ethnicity, we used data from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH; 2016 > 2021).

Results

One in 38 children had an autism diagnosis and 3.8 males were diagnosed per 1 female. Hierarchical linear regressions yielded diagnostic delays in some females, particularly those who were non-Hispanic white, Black, and Asian. Ethnic and racial minority children had significantly earlier diagnoses than white and non-Hispanic children when not accounting for sex.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates slight increases in reported autism prevalence, a diagnostic lag in some autistic females that was strongly associated with ethnicity, and earlier diagnoses in racial and ethnic minority youth, a finding that may be explained by factors associated with phenotypic differences. This study has important implications for the diagnosis of minority autistic youth, particularly females and females who are non-Hispanic, who may experience a greater propensity for diagnostic delays.

vorige artikel Defining the Characteristics of Story Production of Autistic Children: A Multilevel Analysis

volgende artikel Writing Self-Concept, Text Engagement, and Writing Practices Across Contexts: Comparisons Between School-Age Children on the Autism Spectrum and Their Non-Autistic Peers

We use World Health Organization definitions for sex and gender: “sex” is genetically and biologically determined whereas “gender” represents a socio-cultural construct (“WHO | Gender and Genetics,” 2010). We use “male” and “female” to refer to biological sex assigned at birth.

Although we examine five years, research using NSCH found that the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly impact parent-reported autism prevalence from 2016 to 2021 (Wang et al., 2023).

To be consistent with APA formatting, we write decimals to the tenths place. Therefore, while our 95% confidence intervals spanned the value of each corresponding odds ratio, many did so in the hundredths place decimal or beyond so some may not appear to span the odds ratio value.

Akobirshoev, I., Mitra, M., Li, F. S., Dembo, R., Dooley, D., Mehta, A., & Batra, N. (2020). The compounding effect of Race/Ethnicity and disability status on children’s Health and Health Care by Geography in the United States. Medical Care, 58(12), 1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001428.CrossRefPubMed

American Psychiatric Association (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM 5. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.

Anderson, D. K., Liang, J. W., & Lord, C. (2014). Predicting young adult outcome among more and less cognitively able individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(5), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/JCPP.12178.CrossRefPubMed

Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson, C., Rosenberg, White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., & Dowling, N. F. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Children aged 8 years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Blacher, J., Stavropoulos, K., & Bolourian, Y. (2019). Anglo-latino differences in parental concerns and service inequities for children at risk of autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23(6), 1554–1562. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318818327.CrossRefPubMed

Chavez, A. E., Feldman, M. S., Carter, A. S., Eisenhower, A., Mackie, T. I., Ramella, L., Hoch, N., & Sheldrick, R. C. (2021). Delays in Autism diagnosis for U.S. Spanish-speaking families: The contribution of appointment availability. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7(2), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2021.2001772.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (2016). 2016-2021 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) [SAS Constructed DataSet]. Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health supported by Cooperative Agreement U59MC27866 from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). Retrieved 10/27/2022 from www.childhealthdata.org.

Constantino, J. N., Abbacchi, A. M., Saulnier, C., Klaiman, C., Mandell, D. S., Zhang, Y., Hawks, Z., Bates, J., Klin, A., Shattuck, P., Molholm, S., Fitzgerald, R., Roux, A., Lowe, J. K., & Geschwind, D. H. (2020). Timing of the diagnosis of Autism in African American Children. Pediatrics, 146(3), https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2019-3629.

Daniels, A. M., & Mandell, D. S. (2014). Explaining differences in age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A critical review. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 18(5), 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313480277.CrossRefPubMed

Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in Management Research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7.CrossRef

DeGuzman, P. B., Altrui, P., Allen, M., Deagle, C. R., & Keim-Malpass, J. (2017). Mapping geospatial gaps in early identification of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 31(6), 663–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.05.003.CrossRefPubMed

Diemer, M. C., Gerstein, E. D., & Regester, A. (2022). Autism presentation in female and Black populations: Examining the roles of identity, theory, and systemic inequalities. In Autism (Vol. 26, Issue 8, pp. 1931–1946). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221113501.

Dimian, A. F., Symons, F. J., & Wolff, J. J. (2021). Delay to early intensive behavioral intervention and Educational Outcomes for a Medicaid-Enrolled cohort of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(4), 1054–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04586-1.CrossRefPubMed

Donohue, M. R., Childs, A. W., Richards, M., & Robins, D. L. (2019). Race influences parent report of concerns about symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 23(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317722030.CrossRefPubMed

Durkin, M. S., Maenner, M. J., Meaney, F. J., Levy, S. E., di Guiseppi, C., Nicholas, J. S., Kirby, R. S., Pinto-Martin, J. A., & Schieve, L. A. (2010). Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study. PloS One, 5(7), https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0011551.

Eilenberg, J. S., Paff, M., Harrison, A. J., & Long, K. A. (2019). Disparities based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic Status over the transition to Adulthood among Adolescents and Young adults on the Autism Spectrum: A systematic review. In current Psychiatry reports. Issue 5) Current Medicine Group LLC, 21, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1016-1.CrossRef

Emerson, N. D., Morrell, H. E. R., & Neece, C. (2016). Predictors of age of diagnosis for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The role of a consistent source of Medical Care, Race, and Condition Severity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-015-2555-X.CrossRefPubMed

Estes, A., Munson, J., Rogers, S. J., Greenson, J., Winter, J., & Dawson, G. (2015). Long-term outcomes of early intervention in 6-Year-old children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(7), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAC.2015.04.005.CrossRef

Fombonne, E. (2009). Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Research, 65(6), 591–598. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7203.CrossRefPubMed

Harrop, C., Libsack, E., Bernier, R., Dapretto, M., Jack, A., McPartland, J. C., van Horn, J. D., Webb, S. J., Pelphrey, K., & the GENDAAR Consortium. (2021). Do Biological Sex and Early Developmental Milestones predict the age of first concerns and eventual diagnosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Autism Research, 14(1), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2446.CrossRefPubMed

Hus, V., Taylor, A., & Lord, C. (2011). Telescoping of caregiver report on the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised. In Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (Vol. 52, Issue 7, pp. 753–760). J Child Psychol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02398.x.

Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, C. S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., O’Connor Leppert, M., Saunders, B. S., Stille, C., Yin, L., Brei, T., Davis, B. E., Lipkin, P. H., Norwood, K., Coleman, C., Mann, M., & Paul, L. (2020). Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1), https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2019-3447.

Jo, H., Schieve, L. A., Rice, C. E., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Tian, L. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A. (2015). Age at Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis by race, ethnicity, and primary Household Language among children with Special Health Care needs, United States, 2009–2010. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19(8), 1687–1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10995-015-1683-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kogan, M. D., Vladutiu, C. J., Schieve, L. A., Ghandour, R. M., Blumberg, S. J., Zablotsky, B., Perrin, J. M., Shattuck, P., Kuhlthau, K. A., Harwood, R. L., & Lu, M. C. (2018). The prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder among US children. Pediatrics, 142(6), 20174161. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2017-4161/76865.CrossRef

Kogan, Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., Boyle, C. A., Perrin, J. M., Ghandour, R. M., Singh, G. K., Strickland, B. B., Trevathan, E., & van Dyck, P. C. (2009). Prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in the US, 2007. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1395–1403. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1522.CrossRefPubMed

Lee, C. M., Snyder, G., Carpenter, L., Harris, L. A., Kanne, J., Taylor, S., Sarver, C. M., Stephenson, D. E., Shulman, K. G., Wodka, L. H., Esler, E. L., & SPARK Consortium. (2023). Agreement of parent-reported cognitive level with standardized measures among children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2934.CrossRefPubMed

Li, Q., Li, Y., Liu, B., Chen, Q., Xing, X., Xu, G., & Yang, W. (2022). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Children and Adolescents in the United States from 2019 to 2020. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(9), 943–945. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2022.1846.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liptak, G. S., Benzoni, L. B., Mruzek, D. W., Nolan, K. W., Thingvoll, M. A., Wade, C. M., & Fryer, G. E. (2008). Disparities in diagnosis and access to health services for children with autism: Data from the national survey of children’s health. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 29(3), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0B013E318165C7A0.CrossRefPubMed

Lockwood Estrin, G., Milner, V., Spain, D., Happé, F., & Colvert, E. (2021). Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (Vol, 8(4), 454–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-020-00225-8. Springer.CrossRef

Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013.CrossRef

Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., EdS1, Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., Andrews, J. G., Lopez, M., Hudson, A., Baroud, T., Schwenk, Y., White, T., Rosenberg, C. R., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R. A., & Dietz, P. M. (2020). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Children aged 8 years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.SS6904A1.

Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Bakian, A., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Esler, A., Furnier, S. M., Hallas, L., Hall-Lande, J., Hudson, A., Hughes, M. M., Patrick, M., Pierce, K., Poynter, J. N., Salinas, A., Shenouda, J., Vehorn, A., Warren, Z., Constantino, J. N., & Cogswell, M. E. (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Children aged 8 years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 70(11), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.SS7011A1.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Maenner, M. J., Warren, Z., Williams, A. R., Amoakohene, E., Bakian, A., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Furnier, S. M., Hughes, M. M., Ladd-Acosta, C. M., McArthur, D., Pas, E. T., Salinas, A., Vehorn, A., Williams, S., Esler, A., Grzybowski, A., Hall-Lande, J., & Shaw, K. A. (2023). Prevalence and characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Children aged 8 years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 72(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Magaña, S., Parish, S. L., Rose, R. A., Timberlake, M., & Swaine, J. G. (2012). Racial and ethnic disparities in quality of Health Care among children with autism and other Developmental Disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 50(4), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.4.287.CrossRefPubMed

Magaña, S., Parish, S. L., & Son, E. (2015). Have racial and ethnic disparities in the quality of Health Care Relationships changed for children with Developmental Disabilities and ASD? American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 120(6), 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-120.6.504.CrossRefPubMed

Mandell, D. S., Listerud, J., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2002). Race differences in the age at diagnosis among medicaid-eligible children with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(12), 1447–1453. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200212000-00016.CrossRefPubMed

Mandell, D. S., Ittenbach, R. F., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2007). Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1795–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0314-8.CrossRefPubMed

Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L. D., Carpenter, L. A., Daniels, J., DiGuiseppi, C., Durkin, M. S., Giarelli, E., Morrier, M. J., Nicholas, J. S., Pinto-Martin, J. A., Shattuck, P. T., Thomas, K. C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., & Kirby, R. S. (2009). Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131243.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mandell, D. S., Morales, K., Xie, M., Lawer, L., Stahmer, A. C., & Marcus, S. (2010). Age of diagnosis among Medicaid-Enrolled children with autism, 2001–2004. Psychiatric Services, 61(8), 822–829. https://doi.org/10.1176/PS.2010.61.8.822.CrossRefPubMed

Martin, A. M., Ciccarelli, M. R., Swigonski, N., & McNally Keehn, R. (2022). Evaluation of race and ethnicity across a statewide system of early autism evaluation. Journal of Pediatrics, 0(0), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.10.023.

Milner, V., McIntosh, H., Colvert, E., & Happé, F. (2019). A qualitative exploration of the female experience of Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2389–2402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03906-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Onaiwu, M. G. (2020). They don’t know, don’t show, or don’t Care”: Autism’s White Privilege Problem. Https://Home Liebertpub Com/Aut, 2(4), 270–272. https://doi.org/10.1089/AUT.2020.0077.CrossRef

Ozonoff, S., Li, D., Deprey, L., Hanzel, E. P., & Iosif, A. M. (2018). Reliability of parent recall of symptom onset and timing in autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22(7), 891–896. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317710798.CrossRefPubMed

Pearson, J. N., & Meadan, H. (2018). African american parents’ perceptions of diagnosis and services for children with autism. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 53(1), 17–32.

Penner, M., Senman, L., Andoni, L., Dupuis, A., Anagnostou, E., Kao, S., Solish, A., Shouldice, M., Ferguson, G., & Brian, J. (2023). Concordance of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder made by pediatricians vs a multidisciplinary specialist team. JAMA Network Open, 6(1), e2252879. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.52879.

Ratto, A. B., Anthony, B. J., Kenworthy, L., Armour, A. C., Dudley, K., & Anthony, L. G. (2016). Are non-intellectually disabled Black Youth with ASD Less impaired on parent report than their White Peers? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 773. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-015-2614-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

SAS Institute Inc. (2016). SAS/STAT ® 9.4 user’s guide. SAS Institute Inc.

Shenouda, J., Barrett, E., Davidow, A. L., Sidwell, K., Lescott, C., Halperin, W., Silenzio, V. M. B., & Zahorodny, W. (2023). Prevalence and disparities in the detection of Autism without Intellectual disability. Pediatrics, 151(2), https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2022-056594.

Solomon, M., Miller, M., Taylor, S. L., Hinshaw, S. P., & Carter, C. S. (2012). Autism symptoms and internalizing psychopathology in girls and boys with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1215-z.CrossRefPubMed

South, M., Beck, J. S., Lundwall, R., Christensen, M., Cutrer, E. A., Gabrielsen, T. P., Cox, J. C., & Lundwall, R. A. (2020). Unrelenting depression and suicidality in women with autistic traits. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3606–3619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04324-2.CrossRefPubMed

Strang, J. F., van der Miesen, A. I., Caplan, R., Hughes, C., daVanport, S., & Lai, M. C. (2020). Both sex- and gender-related factors should be considered in autism research and clinical practice. Autism, 24(3), 539–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320913192.CrossRefPubMed

Volkmar, F. R., Szatmari, P., & Sparrow, S. S. (1993). Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(4), 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046103.CrossRefPubMed

Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The strengthening the reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Medicine, 4(10), 1623–1627. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.0040296.CrossRef

Wallis, K. E., Adebajo, T., Bennett, A. E., Drye, M., Gerdes, M., Miller, J. S., & Guthrie, W. (2023). Short report: Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in a large pediatric primary care network. Https://Doi Org/, 136236132211473. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221147396.

Wang, X., Weng, X., Pan, N., Li, X., Lin, L., & Jing, J. (2023). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States is Stable in the COVID-19 Era. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 1–4. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-05915-w.

Whitlock, A., Fulton, K., Lai, M. C., Pellicano, E., & Mandy, W. (2020). Recognition of Girls on the Autism Spectrum by Primary School educators: An experimental study. Autism Research, 13(8), 1358–1372. https://doi.org/10.1002/AUR.2316.CrossRefPubMed

Wiggins, L. D., Durkin, M., Esler, A., Lee, L. C., Zahorodny, W., Rice, C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Dowling, N. F., Hall-Lande, J., Morrier, M. J., Christensen, D., Shenouda, J., & Baio, J. (2020). Disparities in documented Diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder based on demographic, individual, and Service factors. Autism Research, 13(3), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2255.CrossRefPubMed

Zhang, Y., Li, N., Li, C., Zhang, Z., Teng, H., Wang, Y., Zhao, T., Shi, L., Zhang, K., Xia, K., Li, J., & Sun, Z. (2020). Genetic evidence of gender difference in autism spectrum disorder supports the female-protective effect. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0699-8.

Zhang, W., Thompson, K. L., Watson, L. R., & LaForett, D. R. (2022). Health Care utilization for privately and publicly insured children during Autism Insurance Reform. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(11), 5042–5049. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-021-05370-5/TABLES/2.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Autism Prevalence and the Intersectionality of Assigned Sex at Birth, Race, and Ethnicity on Age of Diagnosis
Auteurs: Jessica E. Goldblum
Tyler C. McFayden
Stephanie Bristol
Orla C. Putnam
Amanda Wylie
Clare Harrop
Publicatiedatum: 16-08-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 10/2024
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06104-5

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2024

Alcohol Use Patterns Among Underage Autistic and Non-Autistic Youth

Open Access
Original Paper

Improving Student Attitudes Toward Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review

Original Paper

Examining the Impact of Assistive Technology on Psychological Health, Family Education, and Curriculum Research in Japan: Insights from Artificial Intelligence

S.I. :Impact of Assistive Technology in Special Education

Relative Efficacy of Self-directed and Therapist-assisted Telehealth Models of a Parent-mediated Intervention for Autism: Examining Effects on Parent Intervention Fidelity, Well-being, and Program Engagement

Original Paper

Diversity of Participants in Williams Syndrome Intervention Studies

Original Paper

Refining our Understanding of Anxiety in Autistic Youth: Examining the Role of Behavioral Inflexibility

Original Paper