Introduction
Methods
Study Design
Participants (Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria)
Measures
Analytic Plans
Results
Participants
DCD (n = 63) | TD (n = 106) | Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | χ2/t | p | |
Sex (boy: girl) | 43: 20 | 54: 52 | 4.84 | .028 | ||
Age (months) | 64.1 | 1.7 | 64.1 | 1.9 | − 0.20 | .842 |
Full-scale IQ | 88.5 | 10.2 | 98.2 | 12.3 | 5.25 | < .001 |
SRS2 Total | 37.0 | 17.9 | 32.4 | 16.4 | − 1.69 | .092 |
Conners3 Global Index | 8.0 | 4.0 | 7.5 | 4.8 | − 0.71 | .478 |
DCD (n = 63) | TD (n = 106) | ANCOVA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | F | p | ηp2 | |
MABC-2 | |||||||
Total | 5.6 | 1.7 | 10.2 | 2.0 | 176.69 | < .001 | .52 |
Manual dexterity | 5.9 | 2.4 | 10.0 | 2.4 | 77.76 | < .001 | .32 |
Aiming & catching | 6.6 | 2.6 | 9.8 | 2.5 | 59.25 | < .001 | .26 |
Balance | 7.4 | 2.1 | 10.7 | 2.5 | 52.63 | < .001 | .24 |
DCDQ | |||||||
Total | 43.4 | 9.7 | 50.8 | 9.6 | 17.54 | < .001 | .10 |
Control during movement | 17.1 | 4.6 | 20.9 | 4.6 | 28.34 | < .001 | .15 |
Fine motor/handwriting | 12.2 | 3.9 | 14.2 | 3.3 | 5.75 | .018 | .03 |
General coordination | 14.1 | 3.7 | 15.6 | 3.7 | 4.33 | .039 | .03 |
Comparison of Sensory Processing Functions Between the Groups
Associations of Sensory Processing Functions with Motor Coordination Skills
MABC-2 | DCDQ | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manual dexterity | Aiming & Catching | Balance | Control during movement | Fine motor/handwriting | General coordination | |||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Low registration | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –– | – | – | – | – |
Sensation seeking | – | – | – | – | – | – | .32 | .009 | – | – | – | – |
Sensory sensitivity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.34 | .007 | – | – |
Sensation avoiding | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.42 | .001 | – | – | – | – |
Full–scale IQ | .31 | .014 | – | – | .44 | < .001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Sex | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.38 | .002 |
R2 | .095 | – | .192 | .205 | .115 | .145 | ||||||
p | .014 | – | < .001 | .001 | .007 | .002 |
MABC-2 | DCDQ | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manual dexterity | Aiming & Catching | Balance | Control during movement | Fine motor/handwriting | General coordination | |||||||
β | p | β | p | Β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Low registration | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.23 | .017 |
Sensation seeking | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Sensory sensitivity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Sensation avoiding | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Full-scale IQ | .30 | .002 | – | – | – | – | – | - | .27 | .004 | – | – |
Sex | – | – | – | – | .26 | .007 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
R2 | .091 | – | .067 | – | .075 | .054 | ||||||
p | .002 | – | .007 | – | .004 | .017 |
MABC-2 | DCDQ | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manual dexterity | Aiming & Catching | Balance | Control during movement | Fine motor/handwriting | General coordination | |||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Auditory | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.44 | .001 |
Visual | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Vestibular | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Touch | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.34 | .007 | – | – |
Multi–sensory | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .38 | .005 |
Oral sensory | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Full-scale IQ | .31 | .014 | – | – | .44 | < .001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Sex | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.38 | .001 |
R2 | .095 | – | .192 | .113 | – | .299 | ||||||
p | .014 | – | < −001 | .007 | – | < .001 |
MABC-2 | DCDQ | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manual dexterity | Aiming & catching | Balance | Control during movement | Fine motor/handwriting | General coordination | |||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Auditory | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Visual | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Vestibular | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Touch | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Multi-sensory | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.19 | .050 |
Oral sensory | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Full-scale IQ | .30 | .002 | – | – | – | – | – | – | .27 | .004 | – | – |
Sex | – | – | – | – | .26 | .007 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
R2 | .091 | – | .067 | – | .075 | .037 | ||||||
p | .002 | – | .007 | – | .004 | .050 |