Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

11-12-2015 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Attentional Effort, Mindfulness, and Altered States of Consciousness Experiences Following Quadrato Motor Training

Auteurs: Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Joseph Glicksohn, Aviva Berkovich-Ohana

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 1/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The scientific study of movement-related contemplative practices has proceeded without much attention to the range of psychological and phenomenological changes thought to occur during the practice. Quadrato Motor Training (QMT) is a specifically structured walking meditation, recently found to improve creativity and reflectivity, as well as neuroplasticity. This paper presents first-person reports related to QMT-induced experiences, derived from both practitioners of breathing meditation (BM) who practiced the QMT for 1 week (n = 15) compared to 4 weeks of daily training (n = 14) and control non-BM practitioners who practiced the QMT for 4 weeks of daily training (n = 14). Following factor analysis, the reported experiences were classified into three categories: Attentional Effort, Mindfulness, and Altered States of Consciousness (ASC). Our analysis revealed significant group differences, with increased ASC and attentional effort experiences reported by the groups that practiced the QMT for 4 weeks, but not in the group that practiced it for only 1 day. We further build on the previous QMT-induced electrophysiological and cognitive changes and the meditation literature to posit the possible underlying mechanisms of QMT-induced ASC experiences, in order to suggest a novel interpretation of QMT that calls attention to its structural similarities with meditation. By providing and contextualizing these reports of QMT-induced experiences, scientists, clinicians, and meditators can gain a more informed view of the range of experiences that can be elicited by whole-body contemplative practices.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aftanas, L. I., & Golosheikin, S. A. (2003). Changes in cortical activity in altered states of consciousness: the study of meditation by high-resolution EEG. Human Physiology, 29(2), 143–151.CrossRef Aftanas, L. I., & Golosheikin, S. A. (2003). Changes in cortical activity in altered states of consciousness: the study of meditation by high-resolution EEG. Human Physiology, 29(2), 143–151.CrossRef
go back to reference Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
go back to reference Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206.CrossRefPubMed Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ben-Soussan, T. D., Glicksohn, J., Goldstein, A., Berkovich-Ohana, A., & Donchin, O. (2013). Into the square and out of the box: the effects of quadrato motor training on creativity and alpha coherence. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e55023.CrossRef Ben-Soussan, T. D., Glicksohn, J., Goldstein, A., Berkovich-Ohana, A., & Donchin, O. (2013). Into the square and out of the box: the effects of quadrato motor training on creativity and alpha coherence. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e55023.CrossRef
go back to reference Ben-Soussan, T. D., Avirame, K., Glicksohn, J., Goldstein, A., Harpaz, Y., & Ben-Shachar, M. (2014). Changes in cerebellar activity and inter-hemispheric coherence accompany improved reading performance following quadrato motor training. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8(1), 1–12. Ben-Soussan, T. D., Avirame, K., Glicksohn, J., Goldstein, A., Harpaz, Y., & Ben-Shachar, M. (2014). Changes in cerebellar activity and inter-hemispheric coherence accompany improved reading performance following quadrato motor training. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8(1), 1–12.
go back to reference Ben-Soussan, T. D., Berkovich-Ohana, A., Piervincenzi, C., Glicksohn, J., & Carducci, F. (2015). Embodied cognitive flexibility and neuroplasticity following quadrato motor training. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1021.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ben-Soussan, T. D., Berkovich-Ohana, A., Piervincenzi, C., Glicksohn, J., & Carducci, F. (2015). Embodied cognitive flexibility and neuroplasticity following quadrato motor training. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1021.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Berkovich-Ohana, A., Dor-Ziderman, Y., Glicksohn, J., & Goldstein, A. (2013). Alterations in the sense of time, space and body in the mindfulness-trained brain: a neurophenomenologically-guided MEG study. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(1), 1–19. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00912. Berkovich-Ohana, A., Dor-Ziderman, Y., Glicksohn, J., & Goldstein, A. (2013). Alterations in the sense of time, space and body in the mindfulness-trained brain: a neurophenomenologically-guided MEG study. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(1), 1–19. doi:10.​3389/​fpsyg.​2013.​00912.
go back to reference Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(27), 11483–11488.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(27), 11483–11488.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2005). Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I—neurophysiologic model. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 11(1), 189–201.CrossRef Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2005). Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I—neurophysiologic model. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 11(1), 189–201.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2009). Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172(1), 54–62.CrossRefPubMed Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2009). Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172(1), 54–62.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.CrossRefPubMed Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180–211.CrossRefPubMed Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180–211.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chambers, R., Lo, B. C. Y., & Allen, N. B. (2008). The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(3), 303–322.CrossRef Chambers, R., Lo, B. C. Y., & Allen, N. B. (2008). The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(3), 303–322.CrossRef
go back to reference Davidson, R. J., Goleman, D. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1976). Attentional and affective concomitants of meditation: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(2), 235–238.CrossRefPubMed Davidson, R. J., Goleman, D. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1976). Attentional and affective concomitants of meditation: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(2), 235–238.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2012). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, nss, 066, 1–12. Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2012). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, nss, 066, 1–12.
go back to reference Gard, T., Noggle, J. J., Park, C. L., Vago, D. R., & Wilson, A. (2014). Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(1), 1–20. Gard, T., Noggle, J. J., Park, C. L., Vago, D. R., & Wilson, A. (2014). Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(1), 1–20.
go back to reference Gifford-May, D., & Thompson, N. (1994). "Deep states" of meditation: phenomenological reports of experience. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 26(2), 117–138. Gifford-May, D., & Thompson, N. (1994). "Deep states" of meditation: phenomenological reports of experience. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 26(2), 117–138.
go back to reference Glicksohn, J. (1993). Altered sensory environments, altered states of consciousness and altered-state cognition. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 14(1), 1–11. Glicksohn, J. (1993). Altered sensory environments, altered states of consciousness and altered-state cognition. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 14(1), 1–11.
go back to reference Glicksohn, J. (2001). Temporal cognition and the phenomenology of time: a multiplicative function for apparent duration. Consciousness and Cognition, 10(1), 1–25.CrossRefPubMed Glicksohn, J. (2001). Temporal cognition and the phenomenology of time: a multiplicative function for apparent duration. Consciousness and Cognition, 10(1), 1–25.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Goleman, D. (1984). The Buddha on meditation and states of consciousness. In D. H. Shapiro (Ed.), Meditation. Classical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 317–360). New York: Aldine. Goleman, D. (1984). The Buddha on meditation and states of consciousness. In D. H. Shapiro (Ed.), Meditation. Classical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 317–360). New York: Aldine.
go back to reference Goleman, D. (1988). The meditative mind—the varieties of meditative experience. New York: GP Putnam & Sons. Goleman, D. (1988). The meditative mind—the varieties of meditative experience. New York: GP Putnam & Sons.
go back to reference Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Duncan, E., & Barsalou, L. W. (2012). Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: a fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. NeuroImage, 59(1), 750–760.CrossRefPubMed Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Duncan, E., & Barsalou, L. W. (2012). Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: a fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. NeuroImage, 59(1), 750–760.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hölzel, B., & Ott, U. (2006). Relationships between meditation depth, absorption, meditation practice, and mindfulness: a latent variable approach. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 38(2), 179–199. Hölzel, B., & Ott, U. (2006). Relationships between meditation depth, absorption, meditation practice, and mindfulness: a latent variable approach. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 38(2), 179–199.
go back to reference Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559.CrossRefPubMed Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Jahnke, R., Larkey, L., Rogers, C., Etnier, J., & Lin, F. (2010). A comprehensive review of health benefits of Qigong and Tai Chi. American Journal of Health Promotion, 24(6), e1–e25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jahnke, R., Larkey, L., Rogers, C., Etnier, J., & Lin, F. (2010). A comprehensive review of health benefits of Qigong and Tai Chi. American Journal of Health Promotion, 24(6), e1–e25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference James, W. (1985). The varieties of religious experience. Boston: Harvard University Press. James, W. (1985). The varieties of religious experience. Boston: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Jensen, C. G., Vangkilde, S., Frokjaer, V., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2012). Mindfulness training affects attention—or is it attentional effort? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 106–123.CrossRef Jensen, C. G., Vangkilde, S., Frokjaer, V., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2012). Mindfulness training affects attention—or is it attentional effort? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 106–123.CrossRef
go back to reference Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109–119.CrossRef Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109–119.CrossRef
go back to reference Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
go back to reference Kerr, C. E., Sacchet, M. D., Lazar, S. W., Moore, C. I., & Jones, S. R. (2013). Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(12), 12. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00012.PubMedPubMedCentral Kerr, C. E., Sacchet, M. D., Lazar, S. W., Moore, C. I., & Jones, S. R. (2013). Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(12), 12. doi:10.​3389/​fnhum.​2013.​00012.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews—an introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews—an introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
go back to reference Larkey, L., Jahnke, R., Etnier, J., & Gonzalez, J. (2009). Meditative movement as a category of exercise: implications for research. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 6(2), 230–238.CrossRef Larkey, L., Jahnke, R., Etnier, J., & Gonzalez, J. (2009). Meditative movement as a category of exercise: implications for research. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 6(2), 230–238.CrossRef
go back to reference Lazar, S. W., Bush, G., Gollub, R. L., Fricchione, G. L., Khalsa, G., & Benson, H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. Neuroreport, 11(7), 1581–1585.CrossRefPubMed Lazar, S. W., Bush, G., Gollub, R. L., Fricchione, G. L., Khalsa, G., & Benson, H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. Neuroreport, 11(7), 1581–1585.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lindahl, J. R., Kaplan, C. T., Winget, E. M., & Britton, W. B. (2013). A phenomenology of meditation-induced light experiences: traditional Buddhist and neurobiological perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(1), 1–16. Lindahl, J. R., Kaplan, C. T., Winget, E. M., & Britton, W. B. (2013). A phenomenology of meditation-induced light experiences: traditional Buddhist and neurobiological perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(1), 1–16.
go back to reference Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Rawlings, N. B., Francis, A. D., Greischar, L. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2009). Mental training enhances attentional stability: neural and behavioral evidence. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(42), 13418–13427.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Rawlings, N. B., Francis, A. D., Greischar, L. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2009). Mental training enhances attentional stability: neural and behavioral evidence. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(42), 13418–13427.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7(1), 1–11. Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7(1), 1–11.
go back to reference Maslow, A. H. (1964). Religions, values, and peak experiences. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Maslow, A. H. (1964). Religions, values, and peak experiences. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
go back to reference Paoletti, P. (2008). Crescere nell’eccellenza. Rome: Armando Publishing. Paoletti, P. (2008). Crescere nell’eccellenza. Rome: Armando Publishing.
go back to reference Paoletti, P., & Selvaggio, A. (2011). Osservazione. First edition. Rome, Edizioni 3P. Paoletti, P., & Selvaggio, A. (2011). Osservazione. First edition. Rome, Edizioni 3P.
go back to reference Payne, P., & Crane-Godreau, M. A. (2013). Meditative movement for depression and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4(1), 1–15. Payne, P., & Crane-Godreau, M. A. (2013). Meditative movement for depression and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4(1), 1–15.
go back to reference Pesce, C., & Ben-Soussan, T. D. (2015). Cogito ergo sum’ or ‘ambulo ergo sum’? New perspectives in developmental exercise and cognition research, in exercise-cognition interaction: Neuroscience Perspectives. McMorris, T. Ed., Elsevier, New York, NY, USA. Pesce, C., & Ben-Soussan, T. D. (2015). Cogito ergo sum’ or ‘ambulo ergo sum’? New perspectives in developmental exercise and cognition research, in exercise-cognition interaction: Neuroscience Perspectives. McMorris, T. Ed., Elsevier, New York, NY, USA.
go back to reference Piron, H. (2001). The Meditation Depth Index (MEDI) and the Meditation Depth Questionnaire (MEDEQ). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 69–92. Piron, H. (2001). The Meditation Depth Index (MEDI) and the Meditation Depth Questionnaire (MEDEQ). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 69–92.
go back to reference Raffone, A., & Srinivasan, N. (2010). The exploration of meditation in the neuroscience of attention and consciousness. Cognitive Processing, 11(1), 1–7.CrossRefPubMed Raffone, A., & Srinivasan, N. (2010). The exploration of meditation in the neuroscience of attention and consciousness. Cognitive Processing, 11(1), 1–7.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Shapiro, S. L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well‐being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(7), 840–862.CrossRefPubMed Shapiro, S. L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well‐being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(7), 840–862.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sood, A., & Jones, D. T. (2013). On mind wandering, attention, brain networks, and meditation. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 9(3), 136–141.CrossRef Sood, A., & Jones, D. T. (2013). On mind wandering, attention, brain networks, and meditation. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 9(3), 136–141.CrossRef
go back to reference Sperduti, M., Martinelli, P., & Piolino, P. (2012). A neurocognitive model of meditation based on activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(1), 269–276.CrossRefPubMed Sperduti, M., Martinelli, P., & Piolino, P. (2012). A neurocognitive model of meditation based on activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(1), 269–276.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tang, Y. Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(5), 222–227.CrossRefPubMed Tang, Y. Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(5), 222–227.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., & Posner, M. I. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17152–17156.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., & Posner, M. I. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17152–17156.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Tart, C. T. (1972). Altered states of consciousness. Oxford: Doubleday. Tart, C. T. (1972). Altered states of consciousness. Oxford: Doubleday.
go back to reference Thompson, E., & Varela, F. (2001). Radical embodiment: neural dynamics and consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 418–425.CrossRefPubMed Thompson, E., & Varela, F. (2001). Radical embodiment: neural dynamics and consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 418–425.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Vaitl, D., Birbaumer, N., Gruzelier, J., Jamieson, G. A., Kotchoubey, B., Kübler, A., & Pütz, P. (2005). Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 98–127.CrossRefPubMed Vaitl, D., Birbaumer, N., Gruzelier, J., Jamieson, G. A., Kotchoubey, B., Kübler, A., & Pütz, P. (2005). Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 98–127.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Varela, F. (1996). Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard problem. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3, 330–349. Varela, F. (1996). Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard problem. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3, 330–349.
go back to reference Varela, F. J., & Shear, J. (1999). First-person methodologies: what, why, how. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2–3), 1–14. Varela, F. J., & Shear, J. (1999). First-person methodologies: what, why, how. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2–3), 1–14.
go back to reference Venditti, S., Verdone, L., Pesce, C., Tocci, N., Caserta, M., & Ben-Soussan, T. D. (2014). Creating Well-being: increased creativity and proNGF decrease following Quadrato Motor Training. BioMed Research International, 275062, 1–13. Venditti, S., Verdone, L., Pesce, C., Tocci, N., Caserta, M., & Ben-Soussan, T. D. (2014). Creating Well-being: increased creativity and proNGF decrease following Quadrato Motor Training. BioMed Research International, 275062, 1–13.
go back to reference Wallace, B. A. (1999). The Buddhist tradition of Samatha: methods for refining and examining consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2–3), 175–187. Wallace, B. A. (1999). The Buddhist tradition of Samatha: methods for refining and examining consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2–3), 175–187.
Metagegevens
Titel
Attentional Effort, Mindfulness, and Altered States of Consciousness Experiences Following Quadrato Motor Training
Auteurs
Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan
Joseph Glicksohn
Aviva Berkovich-Ohana
Publicatiedatum
11-12-2015
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Mindfulness / Uitgave 1/2017
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0469-5