Introduction
Methods
Participants
Variable | Total sample (n = 44) | MDD (n = 21) | HC (n = 23) | Test statistic | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 26.22 (5.95) | 27.14 (6.15) | 25.35 (5.75) | t(43) = 1.008 | .319 |
Percentage female | 77.8% | 77.3% | 78.3% | \({\mathrm{\rm X}}^{2}\)(1) = 0.006 | .936 |
Years of education | 16.19 (4.47) | 15.82 (5.61) | 16.54 (3.10) | t(43) = -0.540 | .592 |
Procedure
Data Preparation
Data Analysis
Results
Descriptive Analysis of ERS Implementation
Sample Characteristics: Daily stress, Rumination, Coping-Efficacy and Implementation of ERS in Depressed and Non-depressed Subjects
Contemporaneous Association of Coping-Efficacy with ERS
Model including day-night-shifts | Model excluding day-night-shifts | Model with only day-night-shifts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter estimates | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t |
Fixed effects | |||||||||
Intercept | 65.02 (1.95) | [61.77; 68.29] | 33.319*** | 63.21 (2.04) | [59.81; 66.63] | 30.952*** | 65.03 (1.95) | [61.77; 68.29] | 33.319*** |
WP: Rumination | − 7.37 (1.42) | [− 9.71; -5.03] | − 5.183*** | -6.82 (2.31) | [− 10.64; -3.01] | − 2.947** | − 7.37 (1.42) | [− 9.71; -5.03] | − 5.183*** |
BP: rumination | − 12.91 (4.07) | [− 19.69; -6.08] | − 3.170** | -12.55 (4.35) | [− 19.76; -5.23] | − 2.886** | − 12.91 (4.07) | [− 19.69; -6.08] | − 3.170** |
WP: stress | − 0.39 (0.03) | [− 0.45; -0.34] | − 11.465*** | -0.44 (0.05) | [− 0.52; -0.35] | − 8.065*** | − 0.39 (0.03) | [− 0.45; -0.34] | − 11.465*** |
BP: Stress | − 0.25 (0.20) | [− 0.59; 0.09] | − 1.239 | -0.28 (0.21) | [− 0.64; 0.07] | − 1.357 | − 0.25 (0.20) | [− 0.59; 0.09] | − 1.283 |
WP: ERS-body | 11.45 (4.11) | [4.68; 18.23] | 2.783** | 14.46 (6.09) | [4.42; 24.50 | 2.375* | 11.46 (4.12) | [4.68; 18.23] | 2.783** |
BP: ERS-body | 4.36 (39.06) | [− 61.00; 69.54] | 0.112 | 18.47 (40.80) | [− 50.02; 86.44] | 0.454 | 4.37 (39.06) | [− 61.00; 69.54] | 0.112 |
WP: ERS-behavior | 12.23 (2.52) | [8.08; 16.38] | 4.850*** | 13.25 (4.13) | [6.44; 20.06] | 3.205** | 12.23 (2.52) | [8.08; 16.38] | 4.850*** |
BP: ERS-behavior | 23.19 (17.05) | [− 5.25; 51.76] | 1.360 | 19.33 (17.71) | [− 10.26; 48.96] | 1.092 | 23.20 (17.06) | [− 5.25; 51.76] | 1.360 |
WP: ERS-cognition | 12.57 (2.53) | [8.39; 16.75] | 4.950*** | 11.17 (4.07) | [4.46; 17.90] | 2.743** | 12.57 (2.54) | [8.39; 16.75] | 4.950*** |
BP: ERS-cognition | 13.77 (11.34) | [− 5.18; 32.70] | 1.214 | 14.59 (12.28) | [− 6.03; 34.99] | 1.189 | 13.78 (11.35) | [− 5.18; 32.70] | 1.214 |
WP: ERS-social | 16.99 (3.34) | [11.48; 22.50] | 5.073*** | 11.57 (6.09) | [1.53; 21.61] | 1.901# | 16.99 (3.35) | [11.48; 22.50] | 5.073*** |
BP: ERS-social | 7.84 (19.69) | [− 25.04; 40.76] | 0.398 | 20.76 (20.45) | [− 13.33; 55.07] | 1.015 | 7.84 (19.69) | [− 25.04; 40.76] | 0.398 |
WP: ERS-multiple | 16.62 (4.13) | [9.83; 23.43] | 4.025*** | 19.39 (5.99) | [9.52; 29.27] | 3.236** | 16.63 (4.13) | [9.83; 23.43] | 4.025*** |
BP: ERS-multiple | 20.46 (18.26) | [− 10.07; 50.98] | 1.121 | 21.70 (18.53) | [− 9.28; 52.80] | 1.171 | 20.47 (18.26) | [− 10.07; 50.98] | 1.121 |
Random effects | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 142.4 (11.93) | 123.0 (11.09) | 142.36 (11.93) |
Residual | 505.1 (22.47) | 524.8 (22.91) | 505.12 (22.48) |
Lagged Associations Between Rumination and ERS at One Time Point (t) with Stress at a Later Time Point (t + 1)
Model 1 including day-night-shifts | Model 1 excluding day-night-shifts | Model 1 with only day-night-shifts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter estimates | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t |
Fixed effects | 0.552 | ||||||||
Intercept | 0.19 (1.38) | [− 2.12; 2.51] | 0.137 | 0.84 (1.51) | [− 1.69; 3.39] | 5.324 | 0.19 (1.39) | [− 2.12; 2.51] | 0.137 |
Stress (t) | 0.18 (0.03) | [0.12; 0.24] | 5.247*** | 0.26 (0.05) | [0.17; 0.34] | 1.681*** | 0.18 (0.03) | [0.12; 0.24] | 5.247*** |
WP: rumination | 3.07 (1.49) | [0.57; 5.56] | 2.059* | 3.84 (2.28) | [− 0.04; 7.71] | 5.670# | 3.07 (1.49) | [0.57; 5.56] | 2.059* |
BP: rumination | 10.99 (1.93) | [7.80; 14.27] | 1.93*** | 12.50 (2.20) | [8.86; 16.25] | 0.552*** | 10.99 (1.03) | [7.80; 14.27] | 5.692*** |
Random effects | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 58.11 (7.62) | 42.71 (6.54) | 58.11 (7.62) | ||||||
Residual | 569.45 (23.86) | 553.19 (23.52) | 569.45 (23.86) |
Model 2 including day-night-shifts | Model 2 excluding day-night-shifts | Model 2 with only day-night-shifts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter estimates | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t |
Fixed effects | |||||||||
Intercept | 0.08 (1.15) | [− 1.85; 2.01] | 0.069 | 0.92 (1.44) | [− 1.48; 3.34] | 0.641 | − 0.44 (1.25) | [− 2.54; 1.66] | − 0.354 |
stress (t) | 0.18 (0.03) | [0.13; 0.25] | 5.395*** | 0.24 (0.05) | [0.15; 0.33] | 4.767*** | 0.23 (0.05) | [0.15; 0.31] | 4.879*** |
WP: rumination | 3.35 (1.49) | [0.84; 5.85] | 2.242* | 4.54 (2.28) | [0.66; 8.40] | 1.989* | 1.91 (1.98) | [− 1.40; 5.21] | 0.962* |
BP: rumination | 11.57 (1.90) | [8.43; 14.79] | 6.077*** | 13.54 (2.46) | [9.45; 17.66] | 5.499*** | 9.18 (2.13) | [5.68; 12.79] | 4.315*** |
WP: ERS-body | 2.85 (4.35) | [− 4.32; 10.03] | 0.656 | − 1.20 (6.10) | [− 11.28; 8.86] | − 0.197 | 6.83 (6.37) | [− 3.67; 17.32] | 1.073 |
BP: ERS-body | − 39.78 (22.62) | [− 77.58; -1.79 | 1.758# | − 28.61 (28.11) | [− 75.58; 18.63] | − 1.018 | − 50.93 (24.52) | [− 91.86; − 9.83] | − 2.077# |
WP: ERS-behavior | − 1.68 (2.66) | [− 6.09; 2.71] | 0.63 | − 1.67 (4.11) | [− 8.52; 5.16] | − 0.406 | − 1.72 (3.54) | [− 7.56; 4.11] | − 0.486 |
BP: ERS-behavior | 22.80 (9.60) | [6.79; 38.95] | 2.375* | 19.88 (11.87) | [0.12; 39.92] | 1.674 | 23.71 (10.40) | [6.37; 41.15] | 2.281* |
WP: ERS-cognition | − 5.81 (2.68) | [− 10.24; -1.39 | 2.163* | − 10.41 (4.07) | [− 17.13; − 3.69] | − 2.555* | − 2.74 (3.62) | [− 8.71; 3.23] | − 0.756* |
BP: ERS-cognition | 0.63 (6.84) | [− 10.74; 12.16 | 0.63 | − 1.43 (8.75) | [− 15.89; 13.45] | − 0.163 | 2.67 (7.42) | [− 9.72; 15.06] | 0.359 |
WP: ERS-social | − 4.82 (3.54) | [− 10.67; 1.01] | 1.36 | 3.85 (6.11) | [− 6.24; 13.93] | 0.630 | − 8.85 (4.40) | [− 16.10; − 1.60] | − 2.011 |
BP: ERS-social | 32.48 (10.91) | [14.36; 50.90] | 2.977** | 17.57 (13.45) | [− 4.84; 40.20] | 1.306 | 41.79 (12.04) | [21.81; 62.03] | 3.470** |
WP: ERS-multiple | 0.49 (4.36) | [− 6.72; 7.69] | 0.133 | 3.84 (6.01) | [− 6.11; 13.77] | 0.639 | − 8.06 (6.54) | [− 18.86; 2.73] | − 1.232 |
BP: ERS-multiple | − 9.01 (10.53) | [− 26.66; 8.69] | 0.855 | − 3.34 (12.52) | [− 24.30; 17.84] | − 0.266 | − 15.67 (11.83) | [− 35.40; 4.13] | − 1.325 |
Random effects | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 32.65 (5.71) | 33.9 (5.82) | 23.5 (4.85) |
Residual | 565.69 (23.78) | 538.6 (23.21) | 571.1 (23.90) |
Lagged Association Between Stress and ERS at One Time Point (t) with Rumination at a Later Time Point (t + 1)
Model 1 including day-night-shifts | Model 1 excluding day-night-shifts | Model 1 with only day-night-shifts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter estimates | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t |
Fixed effects | |||||||||
Intercept | 1.24 (0.31) | [1.09; 1.39] | 14.855*** | 0.89 (0.10) | [0.60; 0.97] | 7.921*** | 1.26 (0.14) | [1.02; 1.39] | 9.234*** |
Rumination (t) | 0.32 (0.03) | [0.26; 0.38] | 9.660*** | 0.56 (0.05) | [0.48; 0.66] | 10.371*** | 0.31 (0.06) | [0.25; 0.42] | 4.922*** |
WP: stress | 0.00 (0.00) | [0.00; 0.00] | 0.974 | − 0.00 (0.00) | [0.00; 0.00] | − 1.736# | − 0.00 (0.00) | [0.00; 0.00] | − 0.843 |
BP: stress | 0.02 (0.00) | [0.02; 0.03] | 5.823*** | 0.02 (0.00) | [0.01; 0.02] | 5.666*** | 0.02 (0.01) | [0.01; 0.03] | 4.168*** |
Random effects | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) | ||||||
Intercept | 0.13 (0.35) | 0.12 (0.35) | 0.49 (0.70) | ||||||
Residual | 0.31 (0.56) | 0.27 (0.52) | 0.29 (0.53) |
Model 2 including day-night-shifts | Model 2 excluding day-night-shifts | Model 2 with only day-night-shifts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter estimates | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%;L 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t | Estimate (SE) | CI [5%; 95%] | t |
Fixed effects | |||||||||
Intercept | 1.21 (0.08) | [1.07; 1.35] | 15.60*** | 0.79 (0.09) | [0.63; 0.96]− | 9.178*** | 1.19 (0.10) | [1.02; 1.37] | 12.294*** |
Rumination (t) | 0.33 (0.04) | [0.27; 0.40] | 10.08*** | 0.57 (0.04) | [0.48; 0.65] | 13.093*** | 0.34 (0.04) | [0.26; 0.42] | 7.772*** |
WP: stress | − 0.00 (0.00) | [0.00; 0.00] | 0.653 | − 0.00 (0.00) | [0.00; 0.00] | − 2.176* | − 0.00 (0.00) | [0.00; 0.00] | − 0.507 |
BP: stress | 0.02 (0.00) | [0.02; 0.03] | 5.641*** | 0.02 (0.00) | [0.01; 0.02] | 5.264*** | 0.02 (0.00) | [0.01; 0.03] | 4.513*** |
WP: ERS-body | 0.04 (0.10) | [− 0.13; 0.20] | 0.37 | 0.04 (0.14) | [− 0.19; 0.27] | 0.306 | 0.04 (0.15) | [− 0.21; 0.29] | 0.245 |
BP: ERS-body | 1.57 (0.04) | [0.00; 3.14] | 1.674# | 1.29 (0.70) | [0.12; 2.49] | 1.839# | 1.53 (1.01) | [− 0.16; 3.23] | 1.511 |
WP: ERS-behavior | 0.02 (0.06) | [− 0.09; 0.12] | 0.239 | 0.15 (0.09) | [− 0.01; 0.30] | 1.561 | − 0.05 (0.08) | [− 0.19; 0.09] | − 0.623 |
BP: ERS-behavior | − 0.93 (0.40) | [− 1.61; -0.27] | 2.324* | − 0.72 (0.31) | [− 1.25; -0.21] | − 2.338* | − 0.78 (0.43) | [− 1.52; -0.06] | − 1.804# |
WP: ERS-cognition | − 0.21 (0.06) | [− 0.31; -0.11] | 3.371*** | − 0.17 (0.09) | [− 0.33; -0.02] | − 1.860# | − 0.28 (0.09) | [− 0.43; -0.14] | − 3.300** |
BP: ERS-cognition | 0.05 (0.27) | [0.00; 0.91] | 1.651 | 0.36 (0.22) | [0.00; 0.72] | 1.658 | 0.45 (0.29) | [− 0.04; 0.94] | 1.517 |
WP: ERS-social | − 0.14 (0.08) | [− 0.28; -0.01] | 1.744# | 0.11 (0.14) | [− 0.12; 0.34] | 0.781 | − 0.26 (0.10) | [− 0.43; -0.09] | − 2.509* |
BP: ERS-social | − 0.59 (0.48) | [− 1.39; 0.21] | 1.229 | − 0.37 (0.36) | [− 0.99; 0.23] | − 1.024 | − 0.56 (0.52) | [− 1.44; 0.30] | − 1.084 |
WP: ERS-multiple | − 0.04 (0.10) | [− 0.21; 0.12] | 0.419 | 0.07 (0.14) | [− 0.16; 0.29] | 0.498 | − 0.19 (0.16) | [− 0.44; 0.07] | − 1.215 |
BP: ERS-multiple | 0.40 (0.45) | [− 0.36; 1.15] | 0.886 | 0.35 (0.32) | [− 0.19; 0.90] | 1.077 | 0.34 (0.49) | [− 0.48; 1.16] | 0.695 |
Random effects | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) | VAR (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.09 (0.30) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.09 (0.30) |
Residual | 0.30 (0.55) | 0.278 (0.53) | 0.32 (0.56) |