Introduction
Association between ×OXTR rs53576 and Peer Relationships
Function of OXTR rs53576 Genotypes
Sex Difference of the OXTR-Peer Relationship Association
Current Study
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Measures
OXTR rs53576 genotypes
Peer likability and peer dis-likability
Friendship
Children’s sex
Principal coordinates for population stratification
Intervention status of children
Household socioeconomic status
Statistical Analyses
Results
Preliminary Analyses
Total sample | Boys | Girls | Sex differences F (df) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
| ||||
Peer likability | T1 | .37 | .18 | .35 | .16 | .39 | .20 | 7.06 (1)** | |
T2 | .38 | .18 | .35 | .17 | .40 | .19 | |||
T3 | .37 | .17 | .34 | .16 | .40 | .16 | |||
T4 | .42 | .18 | .40 | .18 | .44 | .19 | |||
Peer dis-likability | T1 | .18 | .16 | .21 | .18 | .15 | .14 | 7.29 (1)** | |
T2 | .19 | .16 | .22 | .17 | .16 | .15 | |||
T3 | .17 | .16 | .20 | .17 | .15 | .14 | |||
T4 | .15 | .15 | .17 | .17 | .13 | .13 | |||
Friendship | T1 | .25 | .16 | .25 . | 25 . | 26 . | 18 | 2.74 (1) | |
T2 | .30 | .16 | .28 | .28 | .31 | .18 | |||
T3 | .29 | .14 | .28 | .28 | .30 | .16 | |||
T4 | .29 | .16 | .28 | .28 | .29 | .17 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peer likability | ||||||||||||
1 | T1 | – | ||||||||||
2 | T2 | .60 | – | |||||||||
3 | T3 | .42 | .62 | – | ||||||||
4 | T4 | .39 | .44 | .60 | – | |||||||
Peer dis-likability | ||||||||||||
5 | T1 | −.48 | −.47 | −.38 | −.26 | – | ||||||
6 | T2 | −.34 | −.50 | −.43 | −.35 | .65 | – | |||||
7 | T3 | −.29 | −.39 | −.57 | −.48 | .51 | .61 | – | ||||
8 | T4 | −.30 | −.34 | −.50 | −.65 | .47 | .50 | .67 | – | |||
Friendship | ||||||||||||
9 | T1 | .79 | .54 | .39 | .37 | −.35 | −.21 | −.20 | −.18 | – | ||
10 | T2 | .52 | .77 | .55 | .41 | −.44 | −.43 | −.40 | −.37 | .53 | – | |
11 | T3 | .29 | .50 | .78 | .50 | −.19 | −.28 | −.43 | −.33 | .28 | .48 | – |
12 | T4 | .35 | .38 | .56 | .79 | −.16 | −.26 | −.39 | −.49 | .38 | .42 | .52 |
Associations Between OXTR rs53576 and Peer Likability, Dis-likability and Friendship
Peer likability
Additive | A-dominant | G-dominant | Heterotic | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peer likability | ||||
Sex-specific | ||||
χ2 | 88.22 | 88.38 | 89.37 |
89.30
|
df
| 50 | 50 | 50 |
50
|
AIC | −852.05 | −858.74 | −848.39 |
−861.18
|
BIC | −697.16 | −703.85 | −693.51 |
−706.30
|
aBIC | −824.06 | −830.75 | −820.41 |
−833.20
|
Sex-equal | ||||
χ2 | 91.77 | 96.61 | 92.46 | 100.70 |
df
| 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 |
AIC | −853.68 | −854.87 | −849.88 | −852.91 |
BIC | −706.54 | −707.73 | −702.74 | −705.77 |
aBIC | −827.09 | −828.28 | −823.29 | −826.32 |
Sex specific vs. sex-equal model | ||||
Δχ2 | 3.57 | 23.32*** | 2.80 | 40.69*** |
Peer dis-likability | ||||
Sex-specific | ||||
χ2 | 115.01 | 115.89 | 113.32 |
115.55
|
df
| 50 | 50 | 50 |
50
|
AIC | −1243.38 | −1244.17 | −1246.02 |
−1247.03
|
BIC | −1088.50 | −1089.28 | −1091.13 |
−1092.14
|
aBIC | −1215.40 | −1216.18 | −1218.03 |
−1219.04
|
Sex-equal | ||||
χ2 | 120.68 | 121.66 | 120.68 | 122.86 |
df
| 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 |
AIC | −1243.42 | −1243.87 | −1243.96 | −1244.74 |
BIC | −1096.27 | −1096.73 | −1096.82 | −1097.60 |
aBIC | −1216.83 | −1217.28 | −1217.37 | −1218.15 |
Sex specific vs. sex-equal model | ||||
Δχ2 | 6.68* | 6.64* | 9.99** | 9.04** |
Friendship | ||||
Sex-specific | ||||
χ2 | 97.99 | 99.52 | 99.96 | 98.76 |
df | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
AIC | −1093.70 | −1098.39 | −1091.53 | −1100.58 |
BIC | −938.82 | −943.50 | −936.64 | −945.70 |
aBIC | −1065.72 | −1070.40 | −1063.54 | −1072.59 |
Sex-equal | ||||
χ2 | 99.72 |
103.48
| 98.09 | 105.39 |
df
| 52 |
52
| 52 | 52 |
AIC | -1097.35 |
−1100.17
| −1091.92 | −1098.48 |
BIC | -950.21 |
−953.03
| −944.78 | −951.34 |
aBIC | -1070.76 |
−1073.59
| −1065.33 | −1071.89 |
Sex specific vs. sex-equal model | ||||
Δχ2 | 0.41 | 3.92 | 3.01 | 9.94** |
Intercept | Slope | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B
|
SE
| β |
p
|
B
|
SE
| β |
p
| |
Basic model | ||||||||
Boy | ||||||||
SES | −.05 | .03 | −.14 | .06 | <.01 | .01 | −.03 | .83 |
Intervention | .07 | .03 | .26 | .01 | −.02 | .01 | −.20 | .83 |
Ethnicity | −.08 | .05 | −.18 | .09 | −.01 | .01 | −.11 | .31 |
North/South | −.04 | .06 | −.13 | .56 | <.01 | .03 | −.01 | .99 |
East/West | .02 | .06 | .08 | .70 | −.02 | .03 | −.32 | .47 |
OXTR (heterotic) | .06 | .02 | .23 | .01 | .03 | .01 | .39 | .001 |
Girl | ||||||||
SES | −.03 | .04 | −.10 | .39 | −.03 | .02 | −.24 | .16 |
Intervention | .05 | .30 | .20 | .08 | <.01 | .02 | −.01 | .96 |
Ethnicity | −.08 | .05 | −.18 | .10 | −.05 | .04 | −.26 | .25 |
North/South | −.09 | .03 | −.31 | .01 | −.06 | .03 | −.47 | .07 |
East/West | <.01 | .03 | −.01 | .95 | −.04 | .03 | −.34 | .18 |
OXTR (heterotic) | <.01 | .02 | .01 | .88 | −.02 | .01 | −.17 | .13 |
Controlled for dis-likability | ||||||||
Boy | ||||||||
SES | −.02 | .02 | −.09 | .28 | .01 | .01 | .10 | .67 |
Intervention | .05 | .02 | .30 | .03 | −.01 | .01 | −.25 | .40 |
Ethnicity | −.10 | .03 | −.33 | .002 | −.02 | .01 | −.25 | .22 |
North/South | −.04 | .05 | −.21 | .43 | −.01 | .02 | −.11 | .84 |
East/West | .01 | .05 | .07 | .78 | −.02 | .02 | −.54 | .31 |
OXTR (heterotic) | .03 | .01 | .17 | .03 | .02 | .01 | .44 | .004 |
Girl | ||||||||
SES | .01 | .03 | .05 | .50 | −.02 | .02 | −.19 | .42 |
Intervention | .04 | .03 | .20 | .70 | .01 | .01 | .11 | .50 |
Ethnicity | −.07 | .04 | −.22 | .10 | −.02 | .04 | −.16 | .54 |
North/South | −.05 | .04 | −.23 | .19 | −.05 | .03 | −.60 | .04 |
East/West | .02 | .03 | .10 | .56 | −.04 | .02 | −.48 | .05 |
OXTR (heterotic) | .01 | .02 | .03 | .75 | −.02 | .01 | −.17 | .15 |
Controlled for friendship | ||||||||
Boy | ||||||||
SES | −.03 | .02 | −.19 | .30 | −.01 | .01 | −.17 | .43 |
Intervention | .02 | .01 | .15 | .01 | −.01 | .01 | −.45 | .13 |
Ethnicity | <.01 | .03 | .01 | .93 | −.01 | .01 | −.18 | .38 |
North/South | −.02 | .02 | −.17 | .35 | .01 | .01 | .20 | .56 |
East/West | .04 | .02 | .33 | .03 | .02 | .01 | .58 | .11 |
OXTR (heterotic) | .02 | .01 | .14 | .09 | .02 | <.01 | .51 | .04 |
Girl | ||||||||
SES | −.03 | .01 | −.25 | .10 | −.01 | .01 | −.22 | .25 |
Intervention | .03 | .02 | .26 | .02 | <−.01 | .01 | −.02 | .92 |
Ethnicity | .04 | .03 | −.22 | .12 | −.02 | .03 | −.26 | .47 |
North/South | −.06 | .02 | −.57 | .01 | −.02 | .02 | −.38 | .21 |
East/West | <−.01 | .02 | −.01 | .98 | −.02 | .01 | −.35 | .11 |
OXTR (heterotic) | <.01 | .01 | .03 | .72 | −.01 | <.01 | −.20 | .12 |
Peer dis-likability
Intercept | Slope | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B
|
SE
| β |
p
|
B
|
SE
| β |
p
| |
Basic mode1 | ||||||||
Boy | ||||||||
SES | .06 | .04 | .06 | .13 | .01 | .01 | .18 | .21 |
Intervention | −.03 | .02 | −.12 | .14 | .02 | .02 | .08 | .55 |
Ethnicity | −.03 | .05 | −.05 | .60 | −.01 | .02 | −.02 | .86 |
North/South | −.02 | .04 | .02 | .91 | −.02 | .03 | −.20 | .50 |
East/West | <.01 | .04 | −.05 | .70 | <.01 | .02 | <.01 | .99 |
OXTR (heterotic) | −.05 | .03 | −.20 | .03 | −.01 | .10 | −.16 | .18 |
Girl | ||||||||
SES | .08 | .03 | .32 | .04 | .02 | .01 | .14 | .06 |
Intervention | −.03 | .02 | −.14 | .16 | .02 | .01 | .17 | .04 |
Ethnicity | .10 | .04 | .03 | .79 | .05 | .02 | .23 | .01 |
North/South | .07 | .02 | .34 | .001 | −.01 | .02 | .23 | .43 |
East/West | .04 | .02 | .20 | .02 | −.02 | .02 | .25 | 30 |
OXTR (heterotic) | <.01 | .01 | .01 | .84 | .01 | .01 | .09 | .44 |
Controlled for likability | ||||||||
Boy | ||||||||
SES | .03 | .03 | .13 | .28 | .01 | .01 | .05 | .80 |
Intervention | .01 | .02 | .01 | .97 | .01 | .02 | .21 | .28 |
Ethnicity | −.07 | .03 | −.20 | .04 | −.02 | .02 | −.15 | .42 |
North/South | −.02 | .03 | −.08 | .65 | −.02 | .01 | −.38 | .03 |
East/West | −.01 | .03 | −.03 | .85 | −.01 | .01 | −.20 | .18 |
OXTR (heterotic) | −.02 | .02 | −.12 | .14 | <.01 | .01 | .04 | .79 |
Girl | ||||||||
SES | .07 | .02 | .37 | .003 | .01 | .01 | .16 | .55 |
Intervention | −.01 | .02 | −.09 | .47 | .03 | .01 | .76 | .01 |
Ethnicity | −.02 | .03 | −.06 | .63 | .03 | .02 | .54 | .06 |
North/South | .04 | .02 | .27 | .06 | −.03 | .01 | −.90 | .001 |
East/West | .04 | .02 | .26 | .08 | −.03 | .01 | −.78 | .003 |
OXTR (heterotic) | <.01 | .01 | .02 | .81 | <.01 | .01 | <.01 | .99 |
Controlled for friendship | ||||||||
Boy | ||||||||
SES | .05 | .03 | .02 | .14 | .01 | .02 | .01 | .51 |
Intervention | −.01 | .02 | .03 | .78 | .02 | .01 | .02 | .13 |
Ethnicity | −.07 | .04 | .04 | .08 | −.01 | .02 | .02 | .64 |
North/South | −.01 | .04 | .04 | .91 | −.03 | .01 | .01 | .03 |
East/West | −.03 | .04 | .04 | .45 | −.03 | .01 | .01 | .02 |
OXTR (heterotic) | −.03 | .02 | −.14 | .07 | −.01 | .01 | −.08 | .57 |
Girl | ||||||||
SES | .08 | .03 | .37 | .23 | .01 | .01 | .25 | .20 |
Intervention | −.02 | .02 | −.12 | .002 | .02 | .01 | .61 | .02 |
Ethnicity | −.01 | .04 | −.01 | .91 | .04 | .02 | .58 | .02 |
North/South | .06 | .03 | .34 | .02 | −.02 | .01 | −.57 | .01 |
East/West | .04 | .03 | .22 | .14 | −.02 | .01 | −.56 | .03 |
OXTR (heterotic) | <.01 | .01 | .02 | .79 | <.01 | .01 | .07 | .56 |
Friendship
Intercept | Slope | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B
|
SE
| β |
p
|
B
|
SE
| β |
p
| |
Basic model | ||||||||
SES | −.01 | .02 | −.01 | .96 | −.01 | .01 | −.07 | .63 |
Intervention | .04 | .03 | .19 | .10 | −.01 | .01 | −.11 | .51 |
Sex | .03 | .02 | .12 | .09 | .01 | .01 | .06 | .58 |
Ethnicity | −.06 | .03 | −.18 | .05 | −.01 | .02 | −.11 | .45 |
North/South | −.02 | .06 | −.11 | .69 | −.01 | .02 | −.15 | .64 |
East/West | −.01 | .05 | −.06 | .82 | −.03 | .02 | −.38 | .21 |
OXTR (A-dominant) | −.03 | .01 | −.14 | .02 | <.01 | .01 | −.01 | .95 |
Controlled for likability | ||||||||
SES | .02 | .01 | .18 | .07 | .01 | .01 | .06 | .81 |
Intervention | .01 | .01 | .02 | .91 | .01 | .01 | .21 | .60 |
Sex | −.01 | .01 | −.15 | .12 | <.01 | .01 | .02 | .96 |
Ethnicity | −.01 | .02 | −.10 | .45 | .01 | .01 | .15 | .66 |
North/South | .02 | .03 | .25 | .53 | −.01 | .01 | −.32 | .58 |
East/West | −.02 | .03 | −.21 | .55 | −.01 | .01 | −.75 | .11 |
OXTR (A-dominant) | −.01 | .01 | −.07 | .47 | <.01 | .01 | .21 | .42 |
Controlled for dis-likability | ||||||||
SES | .02 | .02 | .36 | .29 | <−.01 | .01 | .02 | .92 |
Intervention | .03 | .02 | .11 | .19 | <.01 | .01 | −.02 | .96 |
Sex | <.01 | .01 | .02 | .83 | .01 | .01 | .08 | .55 |
Ethnicity | −.07 | .03 | −.23 | .02 | −.01 | .02 | −.07 | .72 |
North/South | −.01 | .06 | −.06 | .86 | −.02 | .02 | −.37 | .32 |
East/West | −.01 | .05 | −.04 | .90 | −.03 | .02 | −.64 | .06 |
OXTR (A-dominant) | −.02 | .01 | −.14 | .03 | <.01 | .01 | .05 | .71 |