Skip to main content
Log in

The Minority Stress Model Deserves Reconsideration, Not Just Extension

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

The Original Article was published on 08 July 2019

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Bailey, J. M. (1999). Homosexuality and mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 883–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., Willerman, L., & Parks, C. (1991). A test of the maternal stress theory of human male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 277–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates, S., & Person, E. S. (1985). Extreme boyhood femininity: Isolated behavior or pervasive disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 702–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000). Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the US population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151, 516–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein, B. A. (2019). The rejection sensitivity model as a framework for understanding sexual minority mental health. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1428-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ganna, A., Verweij, K. J., Nivard, M. G., Maier, R., Wedow, R., Busch, A. S., … Lundström, S. (2019). Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior. Science, 365(6456), eaat7693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, F. R., Semenyna, S. W., Court, L., & Vasey, P. L. (2017). Recalled separation anxiety in childhood in Istmo Zapotec men, women, and muxes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 109–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huebner, D. M., Nemeroff, C. J., & Davis, M. C. (2005). Do hostility and neuroticism confound associations between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 723–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., Kuhn, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2004). The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 631–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017). Microaggressions: Strong claims, inadequate evidence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 138–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippa, R. A. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 16, 119–153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petterson, L. J., VanderLaan, D. P., & Vasey, P. L. (2017). Sex, sexual orientation, gender atypicality, and indicators of depression and anxiety in childhood and adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 1383–1392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S., Madden, T., & Santos, L. J. (1998). Psychological variables as predictors of perceived ethnic discrimination among minority and immigrant adolescents 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 937–953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandfort, T. G., Bakker, F., Schellevis, F. G., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2006). Sexual orientation and mental and physical health status: Findings from a Dutch population survey. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1119–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandfort, T. G., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., & Schnabel, P. (2001). Same-sex sexual behavior and psychiatric disorders: Findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 85–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandfort, T. G., Melendez, R. M., & Diaz, R. M. (2007). Gender nonconformity, homophobia, and mental distress in Latino gay and bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 181–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skidmore, W. C., Linsenmeier, J. A., & Bailey, J. M. (2006). Gender nonconformity and psychological distress in lesbians and gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 685–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. L., Summers, B. J., Dillon, K. H., Macatee, R. J., & Cougle, J. R. (2016). Hostile interpretation bias in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 9–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanderLaan, D. P., Gothreau, L., Bartlett, N. H., & Vasey, P. L. (2011). Recalled separation anxiety and gender atypicality in childhood: A study of Canadian heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1233–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanderLaan, D. P., Petterson, L. J., & Vasey, P. L. (2015). Elevated childhood separation anxiety: An early developmental expression of heightened concern for kin in homosexual men? Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 188–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanderLaan, D. P., Petterson, L. J., & Vasey, P. L. (2017). Elevated kin-directed altruism emerges in childhood and is linked to feminine gender expression in Samoan fa’afafine: A retrospective study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 95–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanderLaan, D. P., Santarossa, A., Nabbijohn, A. N., Wood, H., Owen-Anderson, A., & Zucker, K. J. (2018). Separation anxiety among birth-assigned male children in a specialty gender identity service. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 89–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasey, P. L., VanderLaan, D. P., Gothreau, L. M., & Bartlett, N. H. (2011). Traits of separation anxiety in childhood: A retrospective study of Samoan men, women, and fa’afafine. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(3), 511–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallien, M. S. C., Swaab, H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity among children with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1307–1314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zietsch, B. P., Verweij, K. J., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A., Martin, N. G., Nelson, E. C., & Lynskey, M. T. (2012). Do shared etiological factors contribute to the relationship between sexual orientation and depression? Psychological Medicine, 42, 521–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Sullivan, C. B. L. (1996). Traits of separation anxiety in boys with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 791–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, K. J., Lawrence, A. A., & Kreukels, B. P. (2016). Gender dysphoria in adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 217–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Michael Bailey.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Michael Bailey, J. The Minority Stress Model Deserves Reconsideration, Not Just Extension. Arch Sex Behav 49, 2265–2268 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01606-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01606-9

Navigation