Methods
Participants
Measures
Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (Self-Report)
Youth Self Report and Child Behavior Checklist (Self-Report and Parent-Report)
Procedures
Data Analyses
Fit Indices
Results
Factor Analyses on RPQ Items
Factor structure | TLI | CFI | RMSEA | Estimated RMSEA | Eigen-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFA | 0.954 | 0.958 | 0.056–0.066 | 0.061 | - |
EFA | |||||
2-factors | 0.958 | 0.965 | 0.053–0.063 | 0.058 | 1.46 |
3-factors | 0.974 | 0.981 | 0.040–0.052 | 0.046 | 1.33 |
4-factors | 0.988 | 0.982 | 0.032–0.045 | 0.038 | 0.891 |
RPQ Items and factor loadings | Factor 1 (Proactive aggression) | Factor 2 (Reactive internal frustration) | Factor 3 (Reactive external provocation) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
15: Used force to obtain money or things from others | 0.959 | −0.205 | - 0.045 | Factor 1 |
12: Used physical force to get others to do what you want | 0.745 | 0.077 | 0.048 | Factor 1 |
23: Yelled at others so they would do things for you | 0.715 | 0.157 | 0.004 | Factor 1 |
20: Gotten others to gang up on someone else | 0.677 | 0.127 | 0.002 | Factor 1 |
4: Taken things from other students | 0.674 | 0.071 | 0.047 | Factor 1 |
18: Made obscene phone calls for fun | 0.669 | 0.031 | −0.159 | Factor 1 |
6: Vandalized something for fun | 0.634 | 0.010 | 0.084 | Factor 1 |
9: Had a gang fight to be cool | 0.658 | - 0.112 | 0.230 | Factor 1 |
10: Hurt others to win a game | 0.654 | 0.019 | −0.006 | Factor 1 |
17: Threatened and bullied someone | 0.592 | 0.094 | 0.185 | Factor 1 |
21: Carried a weapon to use in a fight | 0.596 | −0.183 | 0.362 | Factor 1 > 0.40 |
2: Had fights with others to show who was on top | 0.493 | - 0.009 | 0.406 | Factor 1 ➔ in line with the original proactive factor |
11: Become angry or mad when you do not get your way | −0.039 | 0.910 | −0.008 | Factor 2 |
5: Gotten angry when frustrated | 0.029 | 0.756 | 0.095 | Factor 2 |
13: Gotten angry or mad when you lost a game | 0.201 | 0.462 | −0.092 | Factor 2 |
1: Yelled at others when they have annoyed you | 0.062 | 0.427 | 0.362 | Factor 2 > 0.40 |
8: Damaged things because you felt mad | 0.296 | 0.352 | 0.302 | Factor 2 ➔ highest loading but is very low on all the factors |
19: Hit others to defend yourself | 0.150 | 0.000 | 0.727 | Factor 3 |
14: Gotten angry when others threatened you | −0.029 | 0.190 | 0.647 | Factor 3 |
22: Gotten angry or mad or hit others when teased | 0.176 | 0.101 | 0.571 | Factor 3 |
16: Felt better after hitting or yelling at someone | 0.369 | 0.177 | 0.349 | Factor 3 ➔ because this is originally an reactive item, we did not use it on factor 1. |
3: Reacted angrily when provoked by others | −0.017 | 0.421 | 0.509 | Factor 3 ➔ highest loading but is also associated with F2 |
7: Had temper tantrums | 0.100 | 0.404 | 0.426 | Factor 3 ➔ highest loading but is also associated with F2 |
Multi-Level Latent Class Analysis
Amount of classes | BIC | Entropy |
---|---|---|
2 classes | 10,063,02 | 0.962 |
3 classes | 9840,87 | 0.920 |
4 classes
|
9769,15
|
0.907
|
5 classes | 9785,04 | 0.902 |
6 classes | 9789,87 | 0.879 |
Class 1 Low level of aggression
n = 220 | Class 2 Moderate RA
n = 222 | Class 3 RA& PA
n = 97 | Class 4 Severe RA & PA
n = 47 | Significance (p-value) of between-class comparison | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (M, SD) | 15.8 (2.02) | 15.6 (1.92) | 15.7 (1.74) | 15.1 (1.46) | NS * |
% Male | 73.6 % | 73.9 % | 68 % | 57.4 % | NS |
Ethnicity (% non-Caucasian) | 53.6 % | 48.2 % | 51.5 % | 57.4 % | NS |
IQ (M, SD) | 90.18 (15.65) | 87 (15.34) | 86.33 (14.86) | 89.68 (12.4) | NS |
Study % * | 1 = 19.8 % 2 = 31.7 % 3 = 51.3 % 4 = 50.5 % | 1 = 51.9 % 2 = 33.2 % 3 = 34.4 % 4 = 34.0 % | 1 = 21.4 % 2 = 18.6 % 3 = 13.6 % 4 = 10.7 % | 1 = 6.9 % 2 = 16.1 % 3 = 0.6 % 4 = 4.9 % |
p < 0.001 |
Between class comparisons (weighted mean scores)** | |||||
F1: RPQ proactive | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.27 (0.15) | 0.76 (0.16) | 1.27 (0.21) |
p < 0.001;1 < 2 < 3 < 4***
|
F2: RPQ reactive internal frustration | 0.48 (0.28) | 0.99 (0.31) | 1.25 (0.38) | 1.62 (0.32) |
p < 0.001; 1 < 2 < 3 < 4***
|
F3: RPQ reactive external provocation | 0.44 (0.25) | 1.08 (0.30) | 1.51 (0.32) | 1.73 (0.24) |
p < 0.001; 1 < 2 < 3 < 4***
|
Within class comparisons | |||||
F1 vs. F2 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 | |
F2 vs. F3 | NS |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 | NS | |
F1 vs. F3 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
Correlations
YSR DSM scales | YSR Affective | YSR Anxiety | YSR Somatic | YSR ADHD | YSR ODD | YSR CD | YSR internalizing | YSR externalizing | YSR Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1: | |||||||||
r
| 0.270 | 0.134#
| 0.159 | 0.351#
| 0.505 | 0.659#+
| 0.280#+
| 0.606 | 0.503 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
F2: | |||||||||
r
| 0.331 | 0.266#, ^
| 0.214 | 0.460#
| 0.508 | 0.503#^
| 0.414#
| 0.587 | 0.551 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
F3: | |||||||||
r
| 0.279 | 0.176 ^
| 0.183 | 0.403 | 0.514 | 0.589+^
| 0.370+
| 0.608 | 0.550 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
CBCL DSM scales | CBCL Affective | CBCL Anxiety | CBCL Somatic | CBCL ADHD | CBCL ODD | CBCL CD | CBCL internalizing | CBCL externalizing | CBCL Total |
F1: | |||||||||
r
| 0.208 | 0.162 | 0.029 | 0.333 | 0.361 | 0.425#,
| 0.194 | 0.435 | 0.345 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.003 | NS* | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
F2: | |||||||||
r
| 0.257 | 0.184 | 0.082 | 0.323 | 0.311 | 0.329#,
| 0.240 | 0.393 | 0.318 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.001 | NS | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
F3: | |||||||||
r
| 0.266 | 0.164 | 0.046 | 0.306 | 0.362 | 0.387 | 0.198 | 0.441 | 0.351 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.002 | NS | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Behavioral Profiles of the Indicated Classes
Class 1 (“Low”) | Class 2 (“Moderate RA”) | Class 3 (“RA&PA”) | Class 4 (“severe RA&PA”) |
p-values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
YSR DSM scales | |||||
YSR affective |
54.10 (6.48) | 56.77 (7.41) | 59.48 (9.01) | 60.79 (8.91) | F(3446)=13,69; p <0.01; 2=3, 3=4; 1<2<4; 1<3;
ƞp2=0.084 |
YSR anxiety | 52.02 (4.12) | 53.59 (5.78) | 54.58 (6.46) | 54.27 (4.50) | F(3432)=5,18; p =0.002; 2=3=4; 1=4; 1<2; 1<3;
ƞp2 =0.035 |
YSR somatic | 54.11 (6.72) | 56.61 (8.38) | 58.14 (9.43) | 58.14 (9.49) | F(3430)=5,75; p=0.001; 2=3=4; 1<2; 1<4; 1<3;
ƞp2 =0.038 |
YSR ADHD | 52.72 (4.63) |
57.09 (6.70) | 59.98 (7.89) | 60.26 (8.43) | F(3344)=30,62; p<0.001; 3=4; 1<2<3; 2<4; 1<4;
ƞp2 =0.17 |
YSR ODD | 51.89 (3.63) | 56.27 (6.55) | 60.82 (8.19) | 63.58 (8.28) | F(3441)=57,18; p<0.001; 3=4; 1<2<3; 2<4; 1<4;
ƞp2 =0.28 |
YSR CD | 53.60 (4.85) | 58.08 (6.67) | 67.34 (9.12) | 71.02 (10.29) | F(3437)=105,09; p<0.001; 3=4; 1<2<3; 2<4; 1<4;
ƞp2 =0.41 |
YSR internalizing | 44.46 (10.07) | 49.94 (10.42) | 53.77 (10.45) | 54.43 (8.23) | F (3412)=18,92; p<0.001; 2=3=4; 1<2; 1<3; 1<4;
ƞp2 =0.121 |
YSR externalizing | 47.53 (8.85) | 56.23 (9.18) | 65.52 (10.42) | 69.82 (8.65) | F(3410)= 88.69; p<0.001; 1<2<3; 1<2<4; 3=4;
ƞp2 =0.394 |
CBCL DSM scales | |||||
CBCL affective | 57.49 (7.75) | 60.74 (8.60) | 62.50 (8.84) | 63.17 (9.47) | F (3333)=7.36; p<0.001; 2=3=4; 1<2; 1<3; 1<4;
ƞp2=0.062 |
CBCL anxiety | 54.76 (6.52) | 57.22 (7.49) | 58.33 (7.71) | 58.03 (6.16) | F(3338)=4.94; p=0.002; 2=3=4; 1=4;1<2; 1<3;
ƞp2=0.042 |
CBCL somatic | 56.57 (8.48) | 56.75(9.19) | 56.96 (8.41) | 57.69 (9.18) | F(3344)=0.15, p=0.927 |
CBCL ADHD | 55.93 (7.35) | 59.02 (7.74) | 62.11 (7.17) | 63.88 (8.14) | F(3342)=15.32; p<0.001; 2=3; 3=4; 1<2<4; 1<3;
ƞp2=0.118 |
CBCL ODD | 55.31 (7.05) | 58.67(7.62) | 63.29 (8.22) | 63.74 (7.75) | F=(3339)=20,69;p<0.001; 1<2<3;1<2<4;3=4;
ƞp2=0.155 |
CBCL CD | 57.10 (8.17) | 60.24 (7.66) | 66.62 (9.12) | 68.57 (10.29) | F(3320)=27,46; p<0.001; 1<2<3;1<2<4;3=4;
ƞp2=0.205 |
CBCL internalizing | 52.008 (10.73) | 55.79 (10.85) | 57.84 (9.52) | 58.72 (9.00) | F (3285) = 5.45; p=0.001; 2=3=4; 1<2; 1<3; 1<4;
ƞp2=0.054 |
CBCL externalizing | 52.47 (12.47) | 59.90 (10.16) | 65.97 (10.32) | 70.57 (7.09) | F (3289)=27,98; p<0.001; 1<2<3; 1<2<4; 3=4;
ƞp2=0.225 |
YSR | CBCL | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internalizing | Externalizing | Internalizing | Externalizing | |||||
Forward#
| Zero-order | Forward | Zero-order | Forward | Zero-order | Forward | Zero-order | |
Proactive aggression (Factor 1) | NS | 0.28** | 0.36** | .61** | NS | 0.19** | 0.26* | 0.44** |
Reactive aggression internal frustration (Factor 2a) | 0.30** | 0.41** | 24** | .59** | 0.19* | 0.24** | NS | 0.39** |
Reactive aggression external provocation (Factor 2b) | 0.16** | 0.37** | 0.20** | .61** | NS | 0.20** | 0.23** | 0.44** |
Shared variance (Total model R-square) | 0.24 | 0.53 | 0.08 | 0.29 | ||||
Significant F-change p-value | 0.024 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.007 |