20-03-2017 | Original Paper | Uitgave 7/2017 Open Access

Anxiety Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Child and Family Studies > Uitgave 7/2017
Introduction
Method
Literature Search
Author (year)
|
Anxiety measure
|
ASD measure
|
ASD group
|
Comparison group
|
d
ASD vs. comparison
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
|
M
age
|
M
IQ
|
Parent
|
Child
|
M
parent+child
|
||||
Bauminger et al. (
2010)
|
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
|
ADI-R
|
43
|
10.06
|
105.65
|
Typically
|
0.98
|
–
|
0.98
|
Bellini (
2004)
|
Parent report: Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
Child report: Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
|
Clinicians
|
41
|
14.22
|
99.94
|
Normative
|
1.82
|
0.95
|
1.39
|
Blakeley-Smith et al. (
2012)
|
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
|
ADOS and ADI-R or SCQ
|
63
|
10.10
|
107.00
|
Anxiety/mood
|
0.81
|
0.22
|
0.50
|
Bitsika and Sharpley (
2015)
|
Child and adolescent symptom inventory (CASI)
|
Clinicians
|
140
|
11.16
|
96.08
|
Community
|
–
|
0.95
|
0.95
|
Boulter et al. (
2014)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
ADOS (USA sample), multi-disciplinary team (UK sample)
|
114
|
12.70
|
108.50
|
Typically
|
1.60
|
0.37
|
0.99
|
Bradley et al. (
2004)
|
Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II)
|
ADI-R
|
12
|
16.30
|
<70
|
ID
|
1.06
|
–
|
1.06
|
Brereton et al. (
2006)
|
Developmental Behavioral Checklist (DBC-P)
|
Clinicians (inter-rater); ABC and CARS
|
381
|
7.38
|
<70
|
ID
|
0.51
|
–
|
0.51
|
Burnette et al. (
2005)
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
|
ASSQ and ASAS
|
31
|
11.25
|
109.74
|
Typically/LD
|
–
|
0.11
|
0.11
|
Chamberlain et al. (
2013)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
ADOS and SRS
|
18
|
16.64
|
104.82
|
Typically
|
1.17
|
0.39
|
0.78
|
Cholemkery et al. (
2014a)
|
Parent questionnaire from the Diagnostic System for Mental Disorders in
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
55
|
12.50
|
100.60
|
Typically
|
1.57
|
–
|
1.57
|
Children and Adolescents (DISYPS-II)
|
ODD/CD
|
0.25
|
–
|
0.25
|
|||||
Cholemkery
|
Parent questionnaire from the Diagnostic System for Mental
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
60
|
12.28
|
102.15
|
Typically
|
1.60
|
–
|
1.60
|
(
2014b)
|
Disorders in Children and Adolescents (DISYPS-II)
|
Selective mutism
|
−0.66
|
–
|
−0.66
|
||||
Social anxious
|
−0.47
|
–
|
−0.47
|
||||||
Clawson et al. (
2014)
|
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
|
ADOS and SCQ
|
38
|
13.10
|
107.70
|
Typically
|
1.12
|
–
|
1.12
|
Davis et al. (
2010)
|
Autism Spectrum Disorders—Comorbidity for Children (ASD-CC)
|
Clinicians (inter-rater)
|
66
|
7.46
|
>70
|
Typically
|
1.55
|
–
|
1.55
|
Dewrang and Sandberg (
2011)
|
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
|
Clinicians
|
24
|
18.54
|
>70
|
Typically
|
–
|
0.22
|
0.22
|
Farrugia and
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
Clinicians
|
29
|
13.76
|
>70
|
Non-clinical
|
–
|
–
|
1.15
|
Hudson (
2006)
|
Anxious
|
–
|
–
|
0.21
|
|||||
Gadow et al. (
2004)
|
Early Child Inventory-4 (ECI-4)
|
Clinicians (inter-rater)
|
172
|
4.20
|
79.00
|
Regular education
|
0.22
|
–
|
0.22
|
Special education
|
0.32
|
–
|
0.32
|
||||||
Clinical
|
0.18
|
–
|
0.18
|
||||||
Gadow et al. (
2005)
|
Child Symptom Inventory (CSI)
|
Clinicians (inter-rater)
|
284
|
8.30
|
92.00
|
Regular education
|
0.73
|
–
|
0.73
|
Special education
|
0.51
|
–
|
0.51
|
||||||
Clinical
|
0.16
|
–
|
0.16
|
||||||
Gadow et al.
|
Child Symptom Inventory (CSI)
|
Clinicians (inter-rater)
|
87
|
8.50
|
96.90
|
ADHD
|
0.40
|
–
|
0.40
|
(
2009)
|
ADHD + tic
|
−0.30
|
–
|
−0.30
|
|||||
Gillott et al.
|
Parent report: Social Worries Questionnaire (SWQ)
|
Clinicians
|
15
|
10.27
|
>70
|
Typically
|
2.06
|
0.93
|
1.50
|
(
2001)
|
Child report: Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
Language impairment
|
1.36
|
0.90
|
1.13
|
||||
Goldin et al.
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition
|
Clinician
|
57
|
7.4
|
NA
|
Typically
|
−0.27
|
–
|
−0.27
|
(
2014)
|
(BASC-2)
|
Atypically
|
−0.58
|
–
|
−0.58
|
||||
Green et al. (
2013)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
25
|
13.10
|
101.16
|
Typically
|
1.31
|
–
|
1.31
|
Greenaway and Howlin (
2010)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SCQ
|
41
|
13.20
|
100.00
|
Typically
|
1.92
|
1.07
|
1.50
|
Griffith et al. (
2010)
|
Reiss Scales for Children’s Dual Diagnosis
|
Parent-reported diagnosis
|
19
|
10.16
|
<70
|
Down syndrome
|
1.48
|
–
|
1.48
|
Mixed disorders
|
0.98
|
–
|
0.98
|
||||||
Guttmann-
|
Child Symptom Inventory (CSI)
|
Clinicians (inter-rater)
|
204
|
8.70
|
99.41
|
Community
|
0.50
|
–
|
0.50
|
Steinmetz et al.
|
ADHD
|
0.22
|
–
|
0.22
|
|||||
(
2010)
|
ADHD + tic
|
−0.05
|
–
|
−0.05
|
|||||
Guy et al. (
2014)
|
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
14
|
12.27
|
101.14
|
Typically
|
1.38
|
–
|
1.38
|
Hallett et al.
|
Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS)
|
CAST and DAWBA
|
142
|
13.50
|
88.07
|
Control twins
|
0.94
|
0.34
|
0.64
|
(
2013)
|
Unaffected twin
|
0.68
|
0.25
|
0.47
|
|||||
Broader autism
|
0.15
|
0.13
|
0.14
|
||||||
Hebron and
|
Beck Youth Inventories, 2
nd Edition (BYI-II)
|
Confirmed diagnosis but
|
22
|
14.17
|
NA
|
Typically
|
–
|
1.10
|
1.10
|
Humphrey (
2014)
|
not reported what measure was used
|
Dyslexia
|
–
|
0.81
|
0.81
|
||||
Hollocks et al. (
2013)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SCQ
|
38
|
12.90
|
95.60
|
Typically
|
1.64
|
2.06
|
1.85
|
Hollocks et al. (
2014)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS and/or SCQ
|
52
|
12.84
|
101.15
|
Typically
|
1.98
|
1.47
|
1.73
|
Jarrold et al. (
2013)
|
Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
|
ASSQ, SCQ, SRS
|
37
|
11.97
|
108.10
|
Typically
|
–
|
0.72
|
0.72
|
Kim et al. (
2000)
|
Revised Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) questionnaire
|
ADI-R
|
59
|
12.00
|
>70
|
Normative
|
0.55
|
–
|
0.55
|
Kim et al. (
2014)
|
Parent report: Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC)
Child report: Manifest Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
|
ADI-R
|
19
|
11.50
|
115.20
|
Typically
|
2.19
|
0.43
|
1.31
|
Kline et al. (
1987)
|
Personality Inventory for Children (PIC)
|
Clinicians
|
52
|
9.62
|
<70
|
ID
|
0.22
|
–
|
0.22
|
Kuusikko et al. (
2008)
|
Parent report: Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
Child report: Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SAS-C) and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
45
|
11.20
|
≥ 80
|
Community
|
1.45
|
0.75
|
1.10
|
Lawson et al. (
2015)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS
|
70
|
10.07
|
107.01
|
ADHD
|
−0.09
|
–
|
−0.09
|
Lopata et al. (
2010)
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
|
ADI-R
|
40
|
9.75
|
110.14
|
Typically
|
0.81
|
0.05
|
0.43
|
Mahan and Matson (
2011)
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
|
DSM-IV/ICD-10 checklist
|
38
|
9.53
|
NA
|
Typically
|
−0.16
|
–
|
−0.16
|
Matson and Love (
1990)
|
Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R)
|
No confirmation of diagnosis
|
14
|
9.54
|
NA
|
Typically
|
−0.81
|
–
|
−0.81
|
May et al. (
2014)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SRS
|
56
|
9.88
|
96.15
|
Typically
|
1.46
|
–
|
1.46
|
May et al. (
2015a)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SRS
|
45
|
10.27
|
99.20
|
Typically
|
1.38
|
–
|
1.38
|
Anxiety
|
−0.33
|
–
|
−0.33
|
||||||
May et al. (
2015b)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SRS
|
44
|
10.39
|
100.70
|
Typically
|
1.50
|
0.12
|
0.81
|
May et al. (
2015c)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SRS
|
46
|
10.38
|
95.14
|
Typically
|
1.51
|
–
|
1.51
|
Mazefsky et al. (
2011)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
108
|
12.13
|
100.53
|
Community
|
1.87
|
–
|
1.87
|
Mazefsky et al. (
2014)
|
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
25
|
15.22
|
110.48
|
Typically
|
1.60
|
0.42
|
1.01
|
Mazzone et al.
|
Parent report: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
|
ADOS
|
30
|
11.06
|
117.72
|
Typically
|
1.48
|
0.72
|
1.10
|
(
2013)
|
Child report: Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
|
Depressive
|
−0.41
|
0.32
|
−0.05
|
||||
Melfsen et al.
|
Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAIK)
|
Two psychiatrics (both
|
7
|
13.71
|
>70
|
Normative
|
–
|
1.04
|
1.04
|
(
2006)
|
had to confirm ASD)
|
Clinical
|
–
|
0.53
|
0.53
|
||||
Social anxious
|
–
|
−0.84
|
−0.84
|
||||||
Meyer et al. (
2006)
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
|
ASAS, ASSQ
|
31
|
10.10
|
>70
|
Typically
|
0.84
|
0.36
|
0.60
|
Mikita et al. (
2015)
|
Spence Child Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS
|
52
|
12.80
|
101.20
|
Typically
|
1.68
|
1.40
|
1.54
|
Miller et al. (
2013)
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
|
ADOS and SCQ
|
40
|
12.03
|
102.29
|
Typically
|
1.57
|
–
|
1.57
|
Muratori et al. (
2011)
|
Child Behavior CheckList 1.5–5 (CBCL)
|
ADOS and SCQ
|
101
|
3.67
|
NA
|
Typically
|
0.56
|
–
|
0.56
|
Clinical
|
−0.43
|
–
|
−0.43
|
||||||
Ooi et al. (
2011)
|
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
|
Clinicians
|
86
|
9.80
|
>70
|
Anxiety
|
−0.65
|
–
|
−0.65
|
Ozsivadjian et al.
2012
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SCQ
|
30
|
13.00
|
94.90
|
Typically
|
1.57
|
0.67
|
1.12
|
Oswald et al. (
2016)
|
Parent report: Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS)
Child report: Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
|
AQ
|
32
|
14.86
|
105.38
|
Typically
|
1.13
|
0.48
|
0.80
|
Park et al. (
2013)
|
Parent report: Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
56
|
9.39
|
114.11
|
Depressive
|
−0.28
|
−0.08
|
−0.18
|
Child report: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC)
|
ADHD
|
0.56
|
0.22
|
0.39
|
|||||
Park et al. (
2014)
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2)
|
ADOS, ADI-R and ASSQ
|
87
|
8.99
|
90.97
|
Community
|
0.72
|
–
|
0.72
|
Clinical
|
0.01
|
–
|
0.01
|
||||||
Piper et al. (
2014)
|
Brief Problem Monitor, (abbreviated form of the CBCL)
|
No confirmation of diagnosis
|
23
|
11.50
|
NA
|
Typically
|
11.74
|
–
|
11.74
|
ADHD
|
1.54
|
–
|
1.54
|
||||||
Depression
|
−4.06
|
–
|
−4.06
|
||||||
Anxiety
|
−3.38
|
–
|
−3.38
|
||||||
Bipolar
|
−2.48
|
–
|
−2.48
|
||||||
Attachment
|
−0.73
|
–
|
−0.73
|
||||||
Developmental
|
−0.50
|
–
|
−0.50
|
||||||
Speech delay
|
1.89
|
–
|
1.89
|
||||||
Rescorla et al. (
2014)
|
Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL)
|
Clinicians (both had to
|
46
|
3.54
|
NA
|
Typically
|
0.29
|
–
|
0.29
|
confirm diagnosis)
|
DD
|
−0.11
|
–
|
−0.11
|
|||||
Clinical
|
−0.16
|
–
|
−0.16
|
||||||
Predescu et al. (
2013)
|
Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL)
|
KID-SCID
|
103
|
4.53
|
NA
|
Typically
|
1.05
|
–
|
1.05
|
DD
|
−0.38
|
–
|
−0.38
|
||||||
ADHD
|
0.05
|
–
|
0.05
|
||||||
Pugliese et al. (
2013)
|
Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
|
Clinicians
|
30
|
11.75
|
93.75
|
Social anxious
|
–
|
−0.30
|
−0.30
|
ODD/CD
|
–
|
0.68
|
0.68
|
||||||
Richdale et al. (
2014)
|
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21)
|
SCQ
|
27
|
15.5
|
>70
|
Typically
|
–
|
0.60
|
0.60
|
Richdale and Baglin (
2015)
|
Parent report: Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
Child report: Screen for Childhood Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
|
SCQ
|
17
|
10.03
|
>70
|
Typically
|
2.31
|
0.51
|
1.41
|
Rieske et al. (
2012)
|
Autism Spectrum Disorder—Comorbidity for Children (ASD-CC)
|
Clinicians
|
108
|
8.66
|
>70
|
Typically
|
1.55
|
–
|
1.55
|
Rodgers et al. (
2012)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
SCQ
|
34
|
12.17
|
97.02
|
Williams
|
0.43
|
–
|
0.43
|
Russell and Sofronoff (
2005)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
CAST
|
65
|
10–13
|
>70
|
Normative
|
2.44
|
0.70
|
1.57
|
Anxiety
|
0.46
|
0.00
|
0.23
|
||||||
Samson et al. (
2015)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
32
|
12.66
|
104.31
|
Typically
|
1.20
|
–
|
1.20
|
Schroeder et al. (
2011)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
KADI
|
15
|
12.07
|
115.40
|
Normative
|
1.73
|
–
|
1.73
|
Schwenk and Freitag (
2014)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS
|
60
|
12.40
|
102.59
|
Typically
|
1.17
|
–
|
1.17
|
ADHD
|
0.44
|
–
|
0.44
|
||||||
Sharma et al. (
2014)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
CAST
|
22
|
9.64
|
>70
|
Typically
|
0.99
|
0.99
|
0.99
|
Simon and Corbett (
2013)
|
Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
|
ADOS
|
19
|
9.99
|
98.56
|
Typically
|
1.04
|
–
|
1.04
|
Skokauskas and Gallagher (
2012)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS
|
67
|
12.73
|
61.03
|
Typically /ID
|
−0.12
|
–
|
−0.12
|
Solomon et al. (
2012)
|
Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC)
|
ADOS and SCQ
|
40
|
12.23
|
104.08
|
Typically
|
1.01
|
–
|
1.01
|
Stein et al. (
2014)
|
Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory (CASI)
|
ADOS
|
22
|
8.20
|
NA
|
Typically
|
1.49
|
–
|
1.49
|
Sterling et al. (
2013)
|
Parent report: Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
Child report: Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale Second Edition (RCMAS-2)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
20
|
14.45
|
104.60
|
Typically
|
1.37
|
−0.39
|
0.49
|
Stoppelbein et al. (
2016)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS
|
45
|
8.43
|
NA
|
Typically
|
2.00
|
–
|
2.00
|
Swartz et al. (
2013)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
32
|
13.57
|
113.40
|
Typically
|
–
|
0.68
|
0.68
|
Schwenk and Freitag (
2014)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS
|
60
|
12.40
|
102.59
|
Typically
|
1.17
|
–
|
1.17
|
ADHD
|
0.44
|
–
|
0.44
|
||||||
Thede and Coolidge (
2007)
|
Coolidge Personality and Neuropsychological Inventory (CPNI)
|
Clinician and a 44-item survey developed by the authors
|
31
|
10.80
|
>70
|
Normative
|
0.75
|
–
|
0.75
|
Thurman et al. (
2014)
|
Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale (ADAMS)
|
ADOS
|
41
|
7.17
|
61.85
|
Fragile X
|
−0.52
|
–
|
−0.52
|
Tonge and Einfeld (
2003)
|
Developmental Behavior Checklist
|
Clinicians (inter-rater)
|
118
|
8.48
|
<70
|
ID
|
0.41
|
–
|
0.41
|
van Rijn et al. (
2014)
|
Social Anxiety Scale (SAS)
|
ADI-R
|
58
|
11.97
|
101.65
|
Typically
|
–
|
0.23
|
0.23
|
Extra X
|
–
|
−0.52
|
−0.52
|
||||||
Van Steensel et al. (
2012)
|
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
|
ADI-R
|
115
|
11.37
|
>70
|
Anxiety
|
0.51
|
0.00
|
0.26
|
von Gontard et al. (
2015)
|
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL)
|
ADI-R and ADOS
|
40
|
11.30
|
102.20
|
Typically
|
1.66
|
–
|
1.66
|
White et al. (
2015b)
|
Social Worries Questionnaire (SWQ)
|
ADI-R and/or ADOS
|
15
|
14.88
|
>70
|
Typically
|
0.66
|
0.40
|
0.53
|
Williamson et al. (
2008)
|
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
|
Clinicians
|
19
|
13.17
|
>70
|
Typically
|
–
|
0.64
|
0.64
|
Coding
Outliers, Normality and Publication Bias
Analyses
Results
k
|
Model
|
d
|
SE
|
Z
|
Q
|
p
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD vs. typically developing youth
|
|||||||
Parent + child
|
64
|
Fixed
|
0.78
|
.0001
|
6158.87
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
0.97
|
.0742
|
13.13
|
<.001
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
5,664,859.99
|
<.001
|
|||||
Parent
|
53
|
Fixed
|
0.78
|
.0001
|
5998.65
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
1.21
|
.1051
|
11.54
|
<.001
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
6,394,385.12
|
<.001
|
|||||
Child
|
33
|
Fixed
|
0.91
|
.0005
|
1850.99
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
0.65
|
.0669
|
9.72
|
<.001
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
297,566.26
|
<.001
|
|||||
ASD vs. clinically referred youth
|
|||||||
Parent + child
|
35
|
Fixed
|
0.23
|
.0004
|
590.17
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
0.12
|
.0696
|
1.76
|
.077
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
942,390.70
|
<.001
|
|||||
Parent
|
29
|
Fixed
|
0.26
|
.0004
|
645.74
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
0.13
|
.0807
|
1.62
|
.105
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
982,528.51
|
<.001
|
|||||
Child
|
12
|
Fixed
|
0.11
|
.0009
|
127.77
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
0.22
|
.0675
|
3.25
|
.001
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
49,966.92
|
<.001
|
ASD vs.
|
k
|
Model
|
d
|
SE
|
Z
|
Q
|
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internalizing
|
12
|
Fixed
|
−0.21
|
.0009
|
−246.90
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
−0.45
|
.3302
|
−1.36
|
.175
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
1,310,505.96
|
<.001
|
|||||
Externalizing
|
9
|
Fixed
|
0.20
|
.0015
|
136.78
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
0.38
|
.1311
|
2.89
|
.003
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
54,716.59
|
<.001
|
|||||
Developmental
|
14
|
Fixed
|
0.43
|
.0006
|
769.95
|
<.001
|
|
Random
|
0.32
|
.0690
|
4.65
|
<.001
|
|||
Homogeneity test
|
109,196.76
|
<.001
|