Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies 3/2023

07-03-2022 | Original Paper

Anxiety in Autistic Youth: Understanding the Impact on Child, Caregiver, and Family Quality of Life

Auteurs: Stephanie J. Howe, Jessica Baraskewich, Carly A. McMorris

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 3/2023

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Limited research has examined how anxiety affects the quality of life (QoL) of autistic individuals and their family. In this mixed-method study, we investigated the impact of anxiety symptoms on the lives of autistic children and family members, and the association between anxiety symptom severity, child QoL, family QoL, and caregiver stress. Twenty autistic youth with clinically significant anxiety aged 8–14 years of age and their caregivers completed questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Twenty themes emerged to highlight how anxiety significantly impacts autistic children and their families across various areas of life. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with lower child QoL. Implications for providing appropriate, evidence-based services to support families and promote positive QoL are discussed.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Abidin, R. R. (2012). Parenting stress index (4th ed.). Lutz, Florida: PAR. Abidin, R. R. (2012). Parenting stress index (4th ed.). Lutz, Florida: PAR.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
go back to reference Adams, D., Clark, M., & Keen, D. (2019). Using self-report to explore the relationship between anxiety and quality of life in children on the autism spectrum. Autism Research, 12, 1505–1515.PubMedCrossRef Adams, D., Clark, M., & Keen, D. (2019). Using self-report to explore the relationship between anxiety and quality of life in children on the autism spectrum. Autism Research, 12, 1505–1515.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Adams, D., Clark, M., & Simpson, K. (2020). The relationship between child anxiety and the quality of life of children, and parents of children, on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 1756–1769.PubMedCrossRef Adams, D., Clark, M., & Simpson, K. (2020). The relationship between child anxiety and the quality of life of children, and parents of children, on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 1756–1769.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baraskewich, J., McConell, M., McFee, K., Johnston, K. H. S., & McMorris, C. A. (2019, May 1-4). Parent-child agreement on internalizing symptoms before and after a cognitive-behavioural intervention [Poster presentation]. International Society for Autism Research (INSAR) Annual Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada. Baraskewich, J., McConell, M., McFee, K., Johnston, K. H. S., & McMorris, C. A. (2019, May 1-4). Parent-child agreement on internalizing symptoms before and after a cognitive-behavioural intervention [Poster presentation]. International Society for Autism Research (INSAR) Annual Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada.
go back to reference Beach Center on Disability (2015). Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale: Psychometric Characteristics and Scoring Key. Beach Center on Disability (2015). Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale: Psychometric Characteristics and Scoring Key.
go back to reference Bearss, K., Taylor, C. A., Aman, M. G., Whittemore, R., Lecavalier, L., Miller, J., Pritchett, J., Green, B., & Scahill, L. (2016). Using qualitative methods to guide scale development for anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20(6), 663–672.PubMedCrossRef Bearss, K., Taylor, C. A., Aman, M. G., Whittemore, R., Lecavalier, L., Miller, J., Pritchett, J., Green, B., & Scahill, L. (2016). Using qualitative methods to guide scale development for anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20(6), 663–672.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Berlanda, L., & McMorris, C. A. (2021). Perceptions of implementing Facing Your Fears in a hospital and community organizations. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 80, 101700.CrossRef Berlanda, L., & McMorris, C. A. (2021). Perceptions of implementing Facing Your Fears in a hospital and community organizations. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 80, 101700.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, I., Brown, R. L., Baum, N. T., Isaacs, B. J., Myerscough, T., Neikrug, S., … Wang, M. (2006). Family Quality of Life Survey: Main caregivers of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities. Toronto, Canada: Surrey Place Centre. Brown, I., Brown, R. L., Baum, N. T., Isaacs, B. J., Myerscough, T., Neikrug, S., … Wang, M. (2006). Family Quality of Life Survey: Main caregivers of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities. Toronto, Canada: Surrey Place Centre.
go back to reference Brown, R. I., Cohbigo, V., & Taylor, W. D. (2015). Quality of life and social inclusion across the lifespan: Challenges and recommendations. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 61, 93–100.CrossRef Brown, R. I., Cohbigo, V., & Taylor, W. D. (2015). Quality of life and social inclusion across the lifespan: Challenges and recommendations. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 61, 93–100.CrossRef
go back to reference Bubier, J. L., & Drabick, D. A. (2009). Co-occurring anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders: the roles of anxious symptoms, reactive aggression, and shared risk processes. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 658–669.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bubier, J. L., & Drabick, D. A. (2009). Co-occurring anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders: the roles of anxious symptoms, reactive aggression, and shared risk processes. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 658–669.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Chang, Y.-C., Quan, J., & Wood, J. J. (2012). Effects of anxiety disorder severity on social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(3), 235–245.CrossRef Chang, Y.-C., Quan, J., & Wood, J. J. (2012). Effects of anxiety disorder severity on social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(3), 235–245.CrossRef
go back to reference Chorpita, B. F., Yin, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835–855.PubMedCrossRef Chorpita, B. F., Yin, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835–855.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chiang, H., & Wineman, I. (2014). Factors associated with quality of life in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: a review of the literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 974–986.CrossRef Chiang, H., & Wineman, I. (2014). Factors associated with quality of life in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: a review of the literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 974–986.CrossRef
go back to reference Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition.Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition.Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Creswell, J. W. (2007) Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches, second edition. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc. Creswell, J. W. (2007) Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches, second edition. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc.
go back to reference Duvekot, J., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2018). Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(3), 277-284. Duvekot, J., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2018). Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(3), 277-284.
go back to reference EuroQoL group. (1990). EuroQoL – A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16, 199–208.CrossRef EuroQoL group. (1990). EuroQoL – A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16, 199–208.CrossRef
go back to reference Factor, R. S., Ryan, S. M., Farley, J. P., Ollendick, T. H., & Scarpa, A. (2017). Does the presence of anxiety and ADHD symptoms add to social impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 1122–1134.PubMedCrossRef Factor, R. S., Ryan, S. M., Farley, J. P., Ollendick, T. H., & Scarpa, A. (2017). Does the presence of anxiety and ADHD symptoms add to social impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 1122–1134.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Frith, U., & Happe, F. (1999). Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind and Language, 14(1), 1–22.CrossRef Frith, U., & Happe, F. (1999). Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind and Language, 14(1), 1–22.CrossRef
go back to reference Ghaziuddin, M. (2002). Asperger syndrome: Associated psychiatric and medical conditions. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 138–144.CrossRef Ghaziuddin, M. (2002). Asperger syndrome: Associated psychiatric and medical conditions. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 138–144.CrossRef
go back to reference Hallett, V., Lecavalier, L., Sukhodolsky, D., Cipriano, N., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., McDougle, J., Tierney, E., King, B. H., Hollander, E., Sikich, L., Bregman, J., Anagnostou, E., Donnelly, C., Katsovich, L., Dukes, K., Vitiello, B., Gadow, K., & Scahill, L. (2013). Exploring the manifestations of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2341–2352.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hallett, V., Lecavalier, L., Sukhodolsky, D., Cipriano, N., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., McDougle, J., Tierney, E., King, B. H., Hollander, E., Sikich, L., Bregman, J., Anagnostou, E., Donnelly, C., Katsovich, L., Dukes, K., Vitiello, B., Gadow, K., & Scahill, L. (2013). Exploring the manifestations of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2341–2352.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Johnson, N., Frenn, M., Feetham, S., & Sumpson, P. (2011). Autism spectrum disorder: parenting stress, family functioning and health-related quality of life. Families, Systems, & Health, 29(3), 232–252.CrossRef Johnson, N., Frenn, M., Feetham, S., & Sumpson, P. (2011). Autism spectrum disorder: parenting stress, family functioning and health-related quality of life. Families, Systems, & Health, 29(3), 232–252.CrossRef
go back to reference Joshi, G., Petty, C., Wozniak, J., Henin, A., Fried, R., & Galdo, M., et al. (2010). The heavy burden of psychiatric comorbidity in youth with autism spectrum disorders: A large comparative study of a psychiatrically referred population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(11), 1361–1370.PubMedCrossRef Joshi, G., Petty, C., Wozniak, J., Henin, A., Fried, R., & Galdo, M., et al. (2010). The heavy burden of psychiatric comorbidity in youth with autism spectrum disorders: A large comparative study of a psychiatrically referred population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(11), 1361–1370.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19(4), 323–347. Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19(4), 323–347.
go back to reference Kerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Berry, L., Souders, M. C., Franklin, M. E., Schultz, R. T., Miller, J., & Herrington, J. (2014). Traditional and atypical presentations of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2851–2861.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Berry, L., Souders, M. C., Franklin, M. E., Schultz, R. T., Miller, J., & Herrington, J. (2014). Traditional and atypical presentations of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2851–2861.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Kerns, C. M., Renno, P., Kendall, P. C., Wood, J. J., & Storch, E. A. (2017). Anxiety Disorders interview Schedule – Autism Addendum: Reliability and validity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(1), 88–100.CrossRef Kerns, C. M., Renno, P., Kendall, P. C., Wood, J. J., & Storch, E. A. (2017). Anxiety Disorders interview Schedule – Autism Addendum: Reliability and validity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(1), 88–100.CrossRef
go back to reference Lecavalier, L., Wood, J. J., Halladay, A. K., Jones, N. E., Aman, M. G., Cook, E. H., Handen, B. L., King, B. H., Pearson, D. A., Hallett, V., Sullivan, K. A., Grondhuis, S., Bishop, S. L., Horrigan, J. P., Dawson, G., & Scahill, L. (2014). Measuring anxiety as a treatment endpoint in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1128–1143.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lecavalier, L., Wood, J. J., Halladay, A. K., Jones, N. E., Aman, M. G., Cook, E. H., Handen, B. L., King, B. H., Pearson, D. A., Hallett, V., Sullivan, K. A., Grondhuis, S., Bishop, S. L., Horrigan, J. P., Dawson, G., & Scahill, L. (2014). Measuring anxiety as a treatment endpoint in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1128–1143.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Lee, L., Harrington, R. A., Louie, B. B., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2008). Children with autism: quality of life and parental concerns. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1147–1160.PubMedCrossRef Lee, L., Harrington, R. A., Louie, B. B., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2008). Children with autism: quality of life and parental concerns. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1147–1160.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Mitchell, P., Sheppard, E., & Cassidy, S. (2021). Autism and the double empathy problem: implications for development and mental health. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 1–18.PubMedCrossRef Mitchell, P., Sheppard, E., & Cassidy, S. (2021). Autism and the double empathy problem: implications for development and mental health. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 1–18.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Moskowitz, L. J., Mulder, E., Walsh, C. E., McLaughlin, D. M., Zarcone, J. R., Proudfit, G. H., & Carr, E. G. (2013). A multimethod assessment of anxiety and problem behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118(6), 419–434.PubMedCrossRef Moskowitz, L. J., Mulder, E., Walsh, C. E., McLaughlin, D. M., Zarcone, J. R., Proudfit, G. H., & Carr, E. G. (2013). A multimethod assessment of anxiety and problem behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118(6), 419–434.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ooi, Y. P., Weng, S.-J., Magiati, I., Ang, R. P., Goh, T. J., Fung, D. S., & Sung, M. (2016). Factors influencing agreement between parent and child reports of anxiety symptoms among children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 28, 407–424.CrossRef Ooi, Y. P., Weng, S.-J., Magiati, I., Ang, R. P., Goh, T. J., Fung, D. S., & Sung, M. (2016). Factors influencing agreement between parent and child reports of anxiety symptoms among children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 28, 407–424.CrossRef
go back to reference Perry, A., & Isaacs, B. (2015). Validity of the family quality of life survey-2006. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28(6), 584–588.PubMedCrossRef Perry, A., & Isaacs, B. (2015). Validity of the family quality of life survey-2006. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28(6), 584–588.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1171–1178.PubMedCrossRef Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1171–1178.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reaven, J., Blakely-Smith, A., Culhane-Shelburne, K., & Hepburn, S. (2012). Group cognitive behavioural therapy for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: A randomized trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(4), 410–419.PubMedCrossRef Reaven, J., Blakely-Smith, A., Culhane-Shelburne, K., & Hepburn, S. (2012). Group cognitive behavioural therapy for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: A randomized trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(4), 410–419.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reaven, J., & Wainer, A. L. (2015). Children and adolescents with ASD and co-occurring psychiatric conditions: Current trends in intervention. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49, 45–90.CrossRef Reaven, J., & Wainer, A. L. (2015). Children and adolescents with ASD and co-occurring psychiatric conditions: Current trends in intervention. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49, 45–90.CrossRef
go back to reference Rodgers, J., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Parr, J. R. (2016). Development of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC-ASD). Autism Research, 9(11), 1205–1215.PubMedCrossRef Rodgers, J., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Parr, J. R. (2016). Development of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC-ASD). Autism Research, 9(11), 1205–1215.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sheras. P. L., Abidin, R. R., Konold, T. R. (1998). Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents: Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Sheras. P. L., Abidin, R. R., Konold, T. R. (1998). Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents: Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
go back to reference Shipman, D., Sheldrick, C., & Perrin, E. (2011). Quality of life in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Reliability and validity of self-reports. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32, 85–89.PubMedCrossRef Shipman, D., Sheldrick, C., & Perrin, E. (2011). Quality of life in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Reliability and validity of self-reports. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32, 85–89.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children (ADIS-C/P). Psychological Corporation. Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children (ADIS-C/P). Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Simpson, K., Adams, D., Wheeley, E., & Keen, D. (2020). Parent perspectives on the presentation, triggers, impact, and support of anxiety in young children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 572–582.CrossRef Simpson, K., Adams, D., Wheeley, E., & Keen, D. (2020). Parent perspectives on the presentation, triggers, impact, and support of anxiety in young children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 572–582.CrossRef
go back to reference Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Shirazi, A., Potter, L., Malhi, P., & Waite, J. (2021). Anxiety in autistic individuals who speak few or no words: a qualitative study of parental experience and anxiety management. Autism, 25(2), 429–439.PubMedCrossRef Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Shirazi, A., Potter, L., Malhi, P., & Waite, J. (2021). Anxiety in autistic individuals who speak few or no words: a qualitative study of parental experience and anxiety management. Autism, 25(2), 429–439.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Valicenti-McDermott, M., Lawson, K., Hottinger, K., Seijo, R., Schechtman, M., Shulman, L., & Shinnar, S. (2015). Parental stress in families of children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(13), 1728–1735.PubMedCrossRef Valicenti-McDermott, M., Lawson, K., Hottinger, K., Seijo, R., Schechtman, M., Shulman, L., & Shinnar, S. (2015). Parental stress in families of children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(13), 1728–1735.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van Steensel, F. J., Bogels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 302–317.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Van Steensel, F. J., Bogels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 302–317.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Van Steensel, F. J., Bogels, S. M., & Dirksen, C. D. (2012). Anxiety and quality of life: clinically anxious children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(6), 731–738.PubMedCrossRef Van Steensel, F. J., Bogels, S. M., & Dirksen, C. D. (2012). Anxiety and quality of life: clinically anxious children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(6), 731–738.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Varni, J. W., Seid, M., & Rode, C. A. (1999). The PedsQL: measurement model for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Medical Care, 37(2), 126–139.PubMedCrossRef Varni, J. W., Seid, M., & Rode, C. A. (1999). The PedsQL: measurement model for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Medical Care, 37(2), 126–139.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Vasilopoulou, E., & Nisbet, J. (2016). The quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 36–49.CrossRef Vasilopoulou, E., & Nisbet, J. (2016). The quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 36–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence – Second Edition (WASI-II). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson. Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence – Second Edition (WASI-II). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Third Edition. London: The Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Third Edition. London: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 216–229.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 216–229.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference White, S. W., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2009). Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1006–1013.PubMedCrossRef White, S. W., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2009). Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1006–1013.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference White, S. W., Lerner, M. D., McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., Ginsburg, G. S., Kerns, C., Ollendick, T., Kendall, P. C., Piacentini, J., Walkup, J., & Compton, S. (2015). Anxiety in youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: examination of factorial equivalence. Behavior Therapy, 46(1), 40–53.PubMedCrossRef White, S. W., Lerner, M. D., McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., Ginsburg, G. S., Kerns, C., Ollendick, T., Kendall, P. C., Piacentini, J., Walkup, J., & Compton, S. (2015). Anxiety in youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: examination of factorial equivalence. Behavior Therapy, 46(1), 40–53.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010). Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 281–292. Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010). Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 281–292.
Metagegevens
Titel
Anxiety in Autistic Youth: Understanding the Impact on Child, Caregiver, and Family Quality of Life
Auteurs
Stephanie J. Howe
Jessica Baraskewich
Carly A. McMorris
Publicatiedatum
07-03-2022
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 3/2023
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02277-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2023

Journal of Child and Family Studies 3/2023 Naar de uitgave