Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-04-2006 | Original Article

An Investigation of the Perfectionism/Self-criticism Domain of the Personal Style Inventory

Auteur: Golan Shahar

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 2/2006

Abstract

Previous research indicates that the perfectionism/self-criticism (PESC) domain of the Personal Style Inventory (PSI; Robins et al. [1994]. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 277–300), which was originally constructed as an indicator of autonomy, serves as an indicator of both sociotropy and autonomy. To shed light on this unexpected finding, the PSI and related constructs were longitudinally examined among Israeli undergraduates (N = 260). At both T1 and T2, PESC had significant loadings on sociotropy, autonomy, and depressive symptoms, and it correlated strongly with the self-criticism factor of the Depressive Experiences (Blatt, D’Afflitti, & Quinlan, [1976]. Journal of Abnormal psychology, 95, 383–389). As well, in some analyses PESC interacted with initial depression and subsequent stress to predict T2 depression. Rather than measuring multidimensional perfectionism, PESC appears to measure self-criticism, or a more broadly defined negative self-evaluation.

vorige artikel Extending an Anxiety Sensitivity Model of Uncued Panic Attack Frequency and Symptom Severity: The Role of Emotion Dysregulation

volgende artikel Flexibility and Negative Affect: Examining the Associations of Explanatory Flexibility and Coping Flexibility to Each Other and to Depression and Anxiety

Although one of the two domains of the PSI is labeled “autonomy,” findings reported by Hmel and Pincus (2002) suggest that this term is misleading. Specifically, these investigators reported that PSI autonomy measures, while loading on a single factor of depressive vulnerability, fail to assess a sense of autonomous agency; rather, these PSI scales measure a passive, defensive orientation involving a lack of self-confidence.

The findings reported in this article did not change as a function of participants’ educational institution. However, I did find important differences between the two groups of participants in terms of their reaction to the exam period. These differences are reported in a separate article.

Other measures include perceived social support and questions pertaining to the exam period. Findings regarding these instruments are reported in a separate article (see also Footnote 2).

In a previous study conducted by this author and his colleague (Priel & Shahar, 2000), I classified events as either achievement-related (e.g., being laid-off), interpersonal (e.g., romantic breakup), or other types of events. This was done in the present study, but the classification yielded no statistically significant effects related to the type of event endorsed. Hence, the total number of negative events was used in the present report.

Andersen, S. M., & Chen, S. (2002). The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review, 109, 619–645.PubMedCrossRef

Arbuckle, J. L. (1999). AMOS: A structural equation modeling software. Chicago, IL: SmallWaters Corporation.

Bagby, M. R., Parker, J. D. A., Joffe, R. T., Schuller, D., & Gilchrist, E. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Revised Personal Style Inventory (PSI). Assessment, 5, 31–43.PubMed

Baldwin, M.W. (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461–484.CrossRef

Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy for depression: New perspectives. In P. J. Clayton, & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches (pp. 265–290). New York: Raven Press.

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Harrison, R. P., & Emery, G. (1983). Development of the sociotropy-autonomy scale: A measure of personality factors in psychopathology. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. S., & Garbin, M. (1998). The beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100.CrossRef

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fix indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.PubMedCrossRef

Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.CrossRef

Biggs, J. T., Wylie, L. T., & Ziegler, V. E. (1978). Validity of the Zung self-rating depression scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 381–385.PubMedCrossRef

Blaney, P. H., & Kutcher, G. S. (1991). Measures of depressive dimensions: Are they interchangeable? Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 502–512.PubMedCrossRef

Blatt, S. J. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 107–157.PubMed

Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50, 1003–1020.PubMedCrossRef

Blatt, S. J. (1998). Contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding and treatment of depression. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 723–752.

Blatt S. J. (2004). Experiences of depression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

Blatt, S. J., Auerbach, J. S., & Levy, K. N. (1997). Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Review of General Psychology, 1, 351–374.CrossRef

Blatt, S. J., & Blass, R. B. (1996). Relatedness and self definition: A dialectic model of personality development. In: G. G. Noam, & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Development and vulnerabilities in close relationships (pp. 309–338). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Blatt, S. J., D’afflitti, J. P., & Quinlan, D. M. (1976). Experiences of depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal psychology, 95, 383–389.CrossRef

Blatt, S. J., Shahar, G., & Zuroff, D. C. (2001). The anaclitic (sociotropic) and introjective (autonomous) dimensions. Psychotherapy, 38, 449–454.

Blatt, S. J., & Shichman, S. (1983). Two primary configurations of psychopathology. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 6, 187–254.

Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., Chevron, E. S., McDonald, C., & Zuroff, D. C. (1982). Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 113–124.PubMedCrossRef

Blatt, S. J., & Zuroff, D. C. (1992). Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 527–562.CrossRef

Breznitz, S., & Eshel, Y. (1983). Life events: Stressful ordeal or valuable experience? In S. Breznitz (Ed.), Stress in Israel. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Coyne, J. C., & Whiffen, V. E. (1995). Issues in personality as diathesis for depression: The case of sociotropy-dependency and autonomy-self-criticism. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 358–378.PubMedCrossRef

DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and application. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Dunkley, D. M., & Blankstein, K. R. (2000). Self-critical perfectionism, coping, hassles, and current distress: A structural equation modeling approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 713–730.CrossRef

Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., & Flett, G. L. (1997). Specific cognitive-personality vulnerability styles in depression and the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1041–1053.CrossRef

Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Halsall, J., Williams, M., & Winkworth, G. (2000). The relation between perfectionism and distress: Hassles, coping, and perceived social support as mediators and moderators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 437–453.CrossRef

Dunkley, D. M., Zuroff, D. C., & Blankstein, K. R. (2003). Self-critical perfectionism and daily affect: Dispositional and situational influences on stress and coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 234–252.PubMedCrossRef

Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Clara, I. (2002). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism: Developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 921–935.CrossRef

Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Inayatulla, M. (2003). Personality predictors of outcome for adolescents hospitalized for suicidal ideation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 720–727.PubMedCrossRef

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Koledin, S. (1991). Dimensions of perfectionism and irrational thinking. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 9, 185–201.CrossRef

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Endler, N. S., Bagby, R. M. (1995). Conceptualization and assessment of personality factors in depression. European Journal of Personality, 9, 309–350.

Greenberg, J. R., & Mitchell, S. A. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456–470.PubMedCrossRef

Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: A test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 58–65.PubMedCrossRef

Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Ediger, E. (1996). Perfectionism and depression: Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 276–280.PubMedCrossRef

Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Turnbull-Donovan, W., & Mikail, S. F. (1991). The multidimensional perfectionism scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric samples. Psychological Assessment, 3, 464–468.CrossRef

Hmel, B. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2002). The meaning of autonomy: On and beyond the interpersonal circumplex. Journal of Personality, 70, 277–310.PubMedCrossRef

Hong, S., & Lee, M. (2001). Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the revised Personal Style Inventory: Evidence for the multidimensionality problem of perfectionism. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 421–432.CrossRef

Hu L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRef

Joiner, T. E. (1994). Covariance of baseline symptom scores in prediction of future symptom scores: A methodological note. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 497–504.CrossRef

Levine, M., & Perkins, D. V. (1980). Tailor-making life events scale. A paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal.

Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-Stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 406–425.PubMedCrossRef

Nunnally J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Priel, B., & Shahar, G. (2000). Dependency, self-criticism, social context and distress: Comparing moderating and mediating models. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 515–525.CrossRef

Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychosocial Measurement, 1, 385–401.

Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Segal, Z. V., Joffe, R. T., & Levitt, A. (2000). Self-criticism and dependency in depressed patients treated with cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 571–584.CrossRef

Robins, C. J. (1993). Implications of research in the psychopathology of depression for psycotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 3, 313–330.

Robins, C. J. (1995). Personality-event interaction models of depression. European Journal of Personality, 9, 367–378.

Robins, C. J., Bagby, M. R., Rector, N. A., Lynch, T. R., & Kennedy, S. H. (1997). Sociotropy, autonomy, and patterns of symptoms in patients with major depression: A comparison of dimensional and categorical approaches. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 285–300.CrossRef

Robins, C. J., Ladd, J. S., Welkowitz, J., Blaney, P. H., Diaz, R., & Kutcher, G. (1994). The Personal Style Inventory: Preliminary validation studies of a new measure of sociotropy and autonomy. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 277–300.CrossRef

Robins, C. J., & Luthen, A. G. (1991). Sociotropy and autonomy: Differential patterns of clinical presentation in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 74–77.PubMedCrossRef

Rude, S. S., & Burnham, B. L. (1993). Do interpersonal and achievement vulnerabilities interact with congruent events to predict depression? Comparison of the DEQ, SAS, DAS, and combined scales. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 531–548.CrossRef

Shahar, G. (2001). Personality, shame, and the breakdown of social ties: The voice of quantitative depression research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64, 229–238.CrossRef

Shahar, G. (2004). Transference-countertransference: Where the (political) action is. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 14, 371–396.CrossRef

Shahar, G., Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C., Krupnick, J., & Sotsky, S. M. (2004). Perfectionism impedes social relations and response to brief treatment for depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 140–154.CrossRef

Shahar, G., Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2003a). Role of perfectionism and personality disorder features in patients’ responses to brief treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 229–233.

Shahar, G., Henrich, C. C., Blatt, S. J., Ryan, R., & Little, T. D. (2003b). Interpersonal relatedness, self-definition, and their motivational orientation during adolescence: A theoretical and empirical integration. Developmental Psychology, 39, 470–483.CrossRef

Sherry, S. B., Hewitt, P. L., Besser, A., McGee, B. J., & Flett, G. L. (2004). Self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism in the eating disorder inventory perfectionism subscale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 69–79.PubMedCrossRef

Steiger, J. H. (1980). Test for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245–251.CrossRef

Weissman, A. N., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitudes scale. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada.

Westen, D. (1991). Social cognition and object relations. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 429–455.CrossRef

Zung, W. W. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70.PubMed

Zung, W. W. (1967). Depression in the normal aged. Psychosomatics, 8, 287–292.PubMed

Zuroff, D. C., Blatt, S. J., Sotsky, S. M., Krupnick, J. L., Martin, D. J., Sanislow, C. A. III, & Simmens, S. (2000). Relation of therapeutic alliance and perfectionism to outcome in brief outpatient treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 114–124.PubMedCrossRef

Zuroff, D. C., Mongrain, M., & Santor, D. A. (2004a). Conceptualizing and measuring personality vulnerability to depression: Comment on Coyne and Whiffen (1995). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 489–511.CrossRef

Zuroff, D. C., Mongrain, M., & Santor, D. A. (2004b). Investing in the Personality Vulnerability Research Program-current dividends and future growth: Rejoinder to Coyne, Thompson, and Whiffen (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 518–522.CrossRef

Titel: An Investigation of the Perfectionism/Self-criticism Domain of the Personal Style Inventory
Auteur: Golan Shahar
Publicatiedatum: 01-04-2006
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 2/2006
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9032-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2006

Relationships Between Attribution Style, Child Abuse History, and PTSD Symptom Severity in Vietnam Veterans

Extending an Anxiety Sensitivity Model of Uncued Panic Attack Frequency and Symptom Severity: The Role of Emotion Dysregulation

Identification and Evaluation of Cognitive Affect-Regulation Strategies: Development of a Self-Report Measure

Variations of Cognitive Distortions and School Performance in Depressed and Non-Depressed High School Adolescents: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study

Differential Effects of Rumination and Dysphoria on the Inhibition of Irrelevant Emotional Material: Evidence from a Negative Priming Task

Biased Appraisals of Parenting Daily Hassles Among Mothers of Young Children: Predictors of Parenting Adjustment