Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies 6/2017

04-03-2017 | Original Paper

An Integrated Resilience and Ecological Model of Child Abuse (REC-Model)

Auteurs: Chloe Ling, Sylvia Kwok

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 6/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Much of the theories of child abuse are developed and referenced from the West, while their applications to Chinese society are unclear. It is necessary to examine the cases in Hong Kong to acknowledge the uniqueness in perception and conceptualization of child abuse and the impact of resilience, across different cultural settings. The current study aims to advance an ecological model of child abuse for Hong Kong families by integrating resilience perspective with the ecological systems, namely An Integrated Resilience and Ecological Model of Child Abuse (REC-Model), and to examine the interactions between resilience and risk factors among chronosystemic, microsystemic, marcosystemic, and ontogenic systems on child abuse. Using a cross sectional survey research method and path analysis, 565 families with children studying at ages between 9 and 13 participated and returned self-administered questionnaires in the study. The results showed that Chinese cultural parenting values moderated the influences of risk factors on child abuse, while forgiveness buffered the negative impact of microsystemic factors on child abuse. To prevent child abuse, it is important to decrease the detrimental effects of childhood abuse experiences, reduce marital conflicts, and avoid developing insecure parent-child attachment. Promoting forgiveness, while reducing parents’ rigidity of certain Chinese cultural parenting values, may also help decrease child abuse.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.
go back to reference Barrett, B. (2010). Childhood sexual abuse and adulthood parenting: The mediating role of intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 19(3), 323–346.CrossRef Barrett, B. (2010). Childhood sexual abuse and adulthood parenting: The mediating role of intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 19(3), 323–346.CrossRef
go back to reference Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35(4), 320–335.CrossRefPubMed Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35(4), 320–335.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bonach, K. (2005). Factors contributing to quality of coparenting: Implications for family policy. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(2/4), 79.CrossRef Bonach, K. (2005). Factors contributing to quality of coparenting: Implications for family policy. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(2/4), 79.CrossRef
go back to reference Bonds, D. D., & Gondoli, D. M. (2007). Examining the process by which marital adjustment affects maternal warmth: The role of coparenting support as a mediator. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(2), 288–296.CrossRefPubMed Bonds, D. D., & Gondoli, D. M. (2007). Examining the process by which marital adjustment affects maternal warmth: The role of coparenting support as a mediator. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(2), 288–296.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513–531.CrossRef Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513–531.CrossRef
go back to reference Caliso, J. A., & Milner, J. S. (1994). Childhood physical abuse, childhood social support, and adult child abuse potential. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(1), 27–44.CrossRef Caliso, J. A., & Milner, J. S. (1994). Childhood physical abuse, childhood social support, and adult child abuse potential. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(1), 27–44.CrossRef
go back to reference Chan, K. L., Brownridge, D. A., Fong, D. Y., Tiwari, A., Leung, W. C., & Ho, P. C. (2012). Violence against pregnant women can increase the risk of child abuse: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(4), 275–284.CrossRefPubMed Chan, K. L., Brownridge, D. A., Fong, D. Y., Tiwari, A., Leung, W. C., & Ho, P. C. (2012). Violence against pregnant women can increase the risk of child abuse: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(4), 275–284.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Costigan, C. L., & Dokis, D. P. (2006). Similarities and differences in acculturation among mothers, fathers, and children in immigrant Chinese families. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(6), 723–741.CrossRef Costigan, C. L., & Dokis, D. P. (2006). Similarities and differences in acculturation among mothers, fathers, and children in immigrant Chinese families. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(6), 723–741.CrossRef
go back to reference Elton, D. (1993). Combined use of hypnosis and EMG biofeedback in the treatment of stress-induced conditions. Stress Medicine, 9(1), 25–35.CrossRef Elton, D. (1993). Combined use of hypnosis and EMG biofeedback in the treatment of stress-induced conditions. Stress Medicine, 9(1), 25–35.CrossRef
go back to reference Feerick, M. M., Knutson, J. F., Trickett, P. K., & Flanzer, S. M. (2006). Child abuse and neglect: Definitions, classification, & a framework for research. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks Publishing Company. Feerick, M. M., Knutson, J. F., Trickett, P. K., & Flanzer, S. M. (2006). Child abuse and neglect: Definitions, classification, & a framework for research. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks Publishing Company.
go back to reference Fisher, J., & Corcoran, K. (Eds) (2007). Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook (4thed.). Couples, families, and children (Vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press. Fisher, J., & Corcoran, K. (Eds) (2007). Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook (4thed.). Couples, families, and children (Vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Garbarino, J. (1976). A preliminary study of some ecological correlates of child abuse: The impact of socioeconomic stress on mothers. Child Development, 47(1), 178–185.CrossRefPubMed Garbarino, J. (1976). A preliminary study of some ecological correlates of child abuse: The impact of socioeconomic stress on mothers. Child Development, 47(1), 178–185.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gullone, E., & Robinson, K. (2005). The inventory of parent and peer attachment-revised (IPPA-R) for children: A psychometric investigation. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 67–79.CrossRef Gullone, E., & Robinson, K. (2005). The inventory of parent and peer attachment-revised (IPPA-R) for children: A psychometric investigation. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 67–79.CrossRef
go back to reference Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Hesketh, T., Hong, Z. S., & Lynch, M. A. (2000). Child abuse in China: The views and experiences of child health professionals. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(6), 867–872.CrossRefPubMed Hesketh, T., Hong, Z. S., & Lynch, M. A. (2000). Child abuse in China: The views and experiences of child health professionals. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(6), 867–872.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hong, J. S., Lee, N. Y., Park, H. J., & Faller, K. C. (2011). Child maltreatment in South Korea: An ecological systems analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(7), 1058–1066.CrossRef Hong, J. S., Lee, N. Y., Park, H. J., & Faller, K. C. (2011). Child maltreatment in South Korea: An ecological systems analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(7), 1058–1066.CrossRef
go back to reference Howe, D., Brandon, M., Hinings, D., & Schofield, G. (1999). Attachment theory, child maltreatment and family support: A practice and assessment model. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Howe, D., Brandon, M., Hinings, D., & Schofield, G. (1999). Attachment theory, child maltreatment and family support: A practice and assessment model. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Hwang, K. K., & Han, K. (2010). Face and morality in confucian society. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Hwang, K. K., & Han, K. (2010). Face and morality in confucian society. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., Slep, S. A. M., Heyman, R. E., & Garrido, E. (2008). Child abuse in the context of domestic violence: Prevalence, explanations, and practice implications. Violence and Victims, 23(2), 221–235.CrossRefPubMed Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., Slep, S. A. M., Heyman, R. E., & Garrido, E. (2008). Child abuse in the context of domestic violence: Prevalence, explanations, and practice implications. Violence and Victims, 23(2), 221–235.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kent, A., & Waller, G. (1998). The impact of childhood emotional abuse: An extension of the child abuse and trauma scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(5), 393–399.CrossRef Kent, A., & Waller, G. (1998). The impact of childhood emotional abuse: An extension of the child abuse and trauma scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(5), 393–399.CrossRef
go back to reference Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H. (1999). The Asian value scale: Development, factor analysis, validation and reliability. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 46, 342–352.CrossRef Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H. (1999). The Asian value scale: Development, factor analysis, validation and reliability. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 46, 342–352.CrossRef
go back to reference Kim, B. S. K., Li, L. C., & Ng, G. F. (2005). The Asian American values scale–multidimensional: Development, reliability, and validity. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 187–201.CrossRef Kim, B. S. K., Li, L. C., & Ng, G. F. (2005). The Asian American values scale–multidimensional: Development, reliability, and validity. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 187–201.CrossRef
go back to reference Kreindler, D., & Lumsdenm, C. J. (2006). The effects of the irregular sample and missing data in time series analysis. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 10(2), 187–214.PubMed Kreindler, D., & Lumsdenm, C. J. (2006). The effects of the irregular sample and missing data in time series analysis. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 10(2), 187–214.PubMed
go back to reference Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Chai, W., & He, X. (2013). Child abuse and suicidal ideation among adolescents in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(11), 986–996.CrossRef Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Chai, W., & He, X. (2013). Child abuse and suicidal ideation among adolescents in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(11), 986–996.CrossRef
go back to reference Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Cheng, L., Chow, B. W. Y., & Ling, C. C. Y. (2015a). The spillover effect of parenting on marital satisfaction among Chinese mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 772–783.CrossRef Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Cheng, L., Chow, B. W. Y., & Ling, C. C. Y. (2015a). The spillover effect of parenting on marital satisfaction among Chinese mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 772–783.CrossRef
go back to reference Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Yeung, J. W. F., Low, A. Y. T., Lo, H. H. M., & Tam, C. H. T. (2015b). The roles of emotional competence and social problem-solving in the relationship between physical abuse and adolescent suicidal ideation in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 117–129.CrossRef Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Yeung, J. W. F., Low, A. Y. T., Lo, H. H. M., & Tam, C. H. T. (2015b). The roles of emotional competence and social problem-solving in the relationship between physical abuse and adolescent suicidal ideation in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 117–129.CrossRef
go back to reference Larsen, S., Kim-Goh, M., & Nguyen, T. D. (2008). Asian American immigrant families and child abuse: Cultural considerations. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 27(1), 16–29.CrossRef Larsen, S., Kim-Goh, M., & Nguyen, T. D. (2008). Asian American immigrant families and child abuse: Cultural considerations. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 27(1), 16–29.CrossRef
go back to reference Lau, Y. K. (2010). The impact of fathers’ work and family conflicts on children’s self-esteem: The Hong Kong case. Social Indicators Research, 95(3), 363–376.CrossRef Lau, Y. K. (2010). The impact of fathers’ work and family conflicts on children’s self-esteem: The Hong Kong case. Social Indicators Research, 95(3), 363–376.CrossRef
go back to reference Li, J. B., Delvecchio, E., Miconi, D., Salcuni, S., & Riso, D. D. (2014). Parental attachment among Chinese, Italian, and Costa Rican adolescents: A cross-cultural study. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 118–123.CrossRef Li, J. B., Delvecchio, E., Miconi, D., Salcuni, S., & Riso, D. D. (2014). Parental attachment among Chinese, Italian, and Costa Rican adolescents: A cross-cultural study. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 118–123.CrossRef
go back to reference Liao, M., Lee, A. S., Roberts-Lewis, A., Hong, J. S., & Jiao, K. (2011). Child maltreatment in China: An ecological review of the literature. Children and Youth Service Review, 33, 1709–1719.CrossRef Liao, M., Lee, A. S., Roberts-Lewis, A., Hong, J. S., & Jiao, K. (2011). Child maltreatment in China: An ecological review of the literature. Children and Youth Service Review, 33, 1709–1719.CrossRef
go back to reference Ling, C.Y. (2014). An integrated resilience perspective and family ecological model of child abuse and neglect (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). City University of Hong Kong. Ling, C.Y. (2014). An integrated resilience perspective and family ecological model of child abuse and neglect (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). City University of Hong Kong.
go back to reference Maio, G. R., Thomas, G., Fincham, F. D., & Camelley, K. B. (2008). Unraveling the role of forgiveness in family relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 307–319.CrossRefPubMed Maio, G. R., Thomas, G., Fincham, F. D., & Camelley, K. B. (2008). Unraveling the role of forgiveness in family relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 307–319.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference McGuigan, W., Vuchinich, S., & Pratt, C. (2000). Domestic violence, parents’ view of their infant, and risk for child abuse. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 613–624.CrossRefPubMed McGuigan, W., Vuchinich, S., & Pratt, C. (2000). Domestic violence, parents’ view of their infant, and risk for child abuse. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 613–624.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Merrill, L. L., Thomsen, C. J., Crouch, J. L., May, P., Gold, S. R., & Milner, J. S. (2005). Predicting adult risk of child physical abuse from childhood exposure to violence: Can interpersonal schemata explain the association? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(7), 981–1002.CrossRef Merrill, L. L., Thomsen, C. J., Crouch, J. L., May, P., Gold, S. R., & Milner, J. S. (2005). Predicting adult risk of child physical abuse from childhood exposure to violence: Can interpersonal schemata explain the association? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(7), 981–1002.CrossRef
go back to reference Mollerstrom, W. W., Patchner, M. A., & Milner, J. S. (1992). Family functioning and child abuse potential. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(4), 445–454.CrossRefPubMed Mollerstrom, W. W., Patchner, M. A., & Milner, J. S. (1992). Family functioning and child abuse potential. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(4), 445–454.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Murray, K., & Zautra, A. (2012). Community resilience: Fostering recovery, sustainability, and growth. In M. Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice. New York, NY: Springer. Murray, K., & Zautra, A. (2012). Community resilience: Fostering recovery, sustainability, and growth. In M. Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice. New York, NY: Springer.
go back to reference O’Brian, C., & Lau, L. S. W. (1995). Defining child abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse Review, 4, 38–46.CrossRef O’Brian, C., & Lau, L. S. W. (1995). Defining child abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse Review, 4, 38–46.CrossRef
go back to reference O’Keefe, M. (1995). Predictors of child abuse in maritally violent families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(1), 3.CrossRef O’Keefe, M. (1995). Predictors of child abuse in maritally violent families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(1), 3.CrossRef
go back to reference Pilgrim, N. A., & Blum, R. W. (2012). Protective and risk factors associated with adolescent sexual and reproductive health in the English-speaking Caribbean: A literature review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 5–23.CrossRefPubMed Pilgrim, N. A., & Blum, R. W. (2012). Protective and risk factors associated with adolescent sexual and reproductive health in the English-speaking Caribbean: A literature review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 5–23.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Prince-Embury, S. (2013). The ego-resiliency scale and Trait ego-resiliency. In S. Prince-Embury, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults translating research into practice. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.CrossRef Prince-Embury, S. (2013). The ego-resiliency scale and Trait ego-resiliency. In S. Prince-Embury, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults translating research into practice. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.CrossRef
go back to reference Qadir, F., Khalid, A., Haqqani, S., Zill-e-Huma, & Medhin, G. (2013). The association of marital relationship and perceived social support with mental health of women in Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 13, 1150.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Qadir, F., Khalid, A., Haqqani, S., Zill-e-Huma, & Medhin, G. (2013). The association of marital relationship and perceived social support with mental health of women in Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 13, 1150.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Qiao, D. P. (2008). Conceptions of physical child abuse in China: Listening to children and their parents on parental child battering in Beijing. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Hong Kong: The Polytechnic University of Hong Kong. Qiao, D. P. (2008). Conceptions of physical child abuse in China: Listening to children and their parents on parental child battering in Beijing. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Hong Kong: The Polytechnic University of Hong Kong.
go back to reference Rhee, S., Chang, J., Berthold, S. M., & Mar, G. (2012). Child maltreatment among immigrant Vietnamese families: Characteristics and implications for practice. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29(2), 85–101.CrossRef Rhee, S., Chang, J., Berthold, S. M., & Mar, G. (2012). Child maltreatment among immigrant Vietnamese families: Characteristics and implications for practice. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29(2), 85–101.CrossRef
go back to reference Ruiz-Parraga, G., Lopez-Martinez, A. E., Esteve, R., Ramirez-Maestre, C., & Wagnild, G. (2015). A confirmatory factor analysis of the resilience scale adapted to chronic pain (RS-18): New empirical evidence of the protective role of resilience on pain adjustment. Quality of Life Research, 24, 1245–1253.CrossRefPubMed Ruiz-Parraga, G., Lopez-Martinez, A. E., Esteve, R., Ramirez-Maestre, C., & Wagnild, G. (2015). A confirmatory factor analysis of the resilience scale adapted to chronic pain (RS-18): New empirical evidence of the protective role of resilience on pain adjustment. Quality of Life Research, 24, 1245–1253.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sanders, B., & Becker-Lausen, E. (1995). The measurement of psychological maltreatment: Early data on the child abuse and trauma scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(3), 315–323.CrossRef Sanders, B., & Becker-Lausen, E. (1995). The measurement of psychological maltreatment: Early data on the child abuse and trauma scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(3), 315–323.CrossRef
go back to reference Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (1997). Marriage in the 90s: A nationwide random phone survey. Denver, CO: PREP, Inc. Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (1997). Marriage in the 90s: A nationwide random phone survey. Denver, CO: PREP, Inc.
go back to reference Stover, C. S., Connell, C., Leve, L., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Scaramella, L. V., Conger, R., & Reiss, D. (2012). Fathering and mothering in the family system: Linking marital hostility and aggression in adopted toddlers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(4), 401–409.CrossRefPubMed Stover, C. S., Connell, C., Leve, L., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Scaramella, L. V., Conger, R., & Reiss, D. (2012). Fathering and mothering in the family system: Linking marital hostility and aggression in adopted toddlers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(4), 401–409.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tang, C. S. K., Lu, C., & Wong, C. (1996). A Study of Young Female Drug Abusers: Identification of Protective and Risk Factors Preventive and Treatment programs. Action Committee against Narcotics Report. (Government Report). Hong Kong SAR Government. Tang, C. S. K., Lu, C., & Wong, C. (1996). A Study of Young Female Drug Abusers: Identification of Protective and Risk Factors Preventive and Treatment programs. Action Committee against Narcotics Report. (Government Report). Hong Kong SAR Government.
go back to reference Teufel, M., Stephan, K., Kowalski, A., Käsberger, S., Enck, P., Zipfel, S., & Giel, K. E. (2013). Impact of biofeedback on self-efficacy and stress reduction in obesity: A randomized controlled pilot study. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 38(3), 177–184.CrossRefPubMed Teufel, M., Stephan, K., Kowalski, A., Käsberger, S., Enck, P., Zipfel, S., & Giel, K. E. (2013). Impact of biofeedback on self-efficacy and stress reduction in obesity: A randomized controlled pilot study. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 38(3), 177–184.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., & Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313–359.CrossRefPubMed Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., & Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313–359.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive Questions in Surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883.CrossRefPubMed Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive Questions in Surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tzeng, C. S. O., Jackson, J. W., & Karlson, H. (1991). Theories of child abuse and neglect. New York: Praeger Publishers. Tzeng, C. S. O., Jackson, J. W., & Karlson, H. (1991). Theories of child abuse and neglect. New York: Praeger Publishers.
go back to reference Veltkamp, L. J., & Miller, T. W. (1994). Clinical handbook of child abuse and neglect. 2nd ed. U.S.: International Universities, Inc. Veltkamp, L. J., & Miller, T. W. (1994). Clinical handbook of child abuse and neglect. 2nd ed. U.S.: International Universities, Inc.
go back to reference Wald, R. L. (2003). The effects of child disability on parental endorsement of physical discipline: An analog study of abuse potential (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Iowa, U.S. Wald, R. L. (2003). The effects of child disability on parental endorsement of physical discipline: An analog study of abuse potential (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Iowa, U.S.
go back to reference Wong, Y. J., Ho, R. M., Li, P., Shin, M., & Tsai, P. C. (2011). Chinese Singaporeans’ lay beliefs, adherence to Asian values, and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 822–827.CrossRef Wong, Y. J., Ho, R. M., Li, P., Shin, M., & Tsai, P. C. (2011). Chinese Singaporeans’ lay beliefs, adherence to Asian values, and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 822–827.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
An Integrated Resilience and Ecological Model of Child Abuse (REC-Model)
Auteurs
Chloe Ling
Sylvia Kwok
Publicatiedatum
04-03-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 6/2017
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0680-1

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2017

Journal of Child and Family Studies 6/2017 Naar de uitgave