Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Gepubliceerd in:

13-09-2022 | Original Article

Always Saying the Wrong Thing: Negative Beliefs About Losing Control Cause Symptoms of Social Anxiety

Auteurs: Kenneth Kelly-Turner, Adam S. Radomsky

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 6/2022

Abstract

Background

Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often report a fear that they will lose control of their emotions or report intense, unpleasant thoughts or images of uncontrollably humiliating themselves in social situations. These fears and associated beliefs that one is likely to lose control may underlie the anxiety and/or cognitive biases (e.g., self-focused attention and negative post-event processing) experienced during and following social situations. The present experiment examined whether manipulating beliefs about losing control would cause changes in symptoms of SAD.

Methods

One hundred and twenty-six undergraduate psychology students were given false feedback that they were either at high or low risk of losing control, and then completed a social interaction task with an actor. Participants rated their anxiety before and during the interaction and completed a post-event processing questionnaire 24-hours later.

Results

Participants in the high beliefs about losing control (HLC) condition reported significantly greater subjective anxiety than those in the low beliefs about losing control (LLC) condition leading up to the social interaction task, and significantly more negative post-event processing.

Conclusion

Results suggest beliefs about losing control may play a causal role in the development and maintenance of SAD. These beliefs may represent a novel domain to be targeted in CBT.

vorige artikel Now I Always have to Perform Well! Effects of CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder on Negative Interpretations of Positive Social Events

volgende artikel Worrying But Not Acting: The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty in Explaining the Discrepancy in COVID-19-Related Responses

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Abramowitz, J. S., Fabricant, L. E., Taylor, S., Deacon, B. J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. A. (2014). The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.004CrossRefPubMed

Alcolado, G. M., & Radomsky, A. S. (2011). Believe in yourself: Manipulating beliefs about memory causes checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.001CrossRefPubMed

Alden, L. E., & Wallace, S. T. (1995). Social phobia and social appraisal in successful and unsuccessful social interactions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(5), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00088-2CrossRefPubMed

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Anxiety Disorders. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Vol. 1–0). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05

Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176CrossRef

Ashbaugh, A. R., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., Schmidt, L. A., & Swinson, R. P. (2005). Self-Evaluative Biases in Social Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(4), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-2413-9CrossRef

Brozovich, F., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(6), 891–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.002CrossRefPubMed

Chrisler, J. C. (2008). 2007 presidential address: Fear of losing control: Power, perfectionism, and the psychology of women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00402.xCrossRef

Clark, D. A. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD. The Guilford Press

Clark, D. A., & Purdon, C. (1993). New perspectives for a cognitive theory of obsessions. Australian Psychologist, 28(3), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050069308258896CrossRef

Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(4), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2CrossRefPubMed

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69–93). Guilford Press

Cloitre, M., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., & Gitow, A. (1992). Perceptions of control in panic disorder and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(5), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01175142CrossRef

De Castella, K., Goldin, P., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion beliefs in social anxiety disorder: Associations with stress, anxiety, and well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12053CrossRef

Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Cooper, P. J. (1986). The clinical features and maintenance of bulimia nervosa. In K. D. Brownell, & J. P. Foreyt (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders: Physiology, psychology and treatment of obesity, anorexia and bulimia (pp. 389–404). Basic Books

Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00088-8CrossRefPubMed

Fehm, L., Hoyer, J., Schneider, G., Lindemann, C., & Klusmann, U. (2008). Assessing post-event processing after social situations: A measure based on the cognitive model for social phobia. Anxiety Stress & Coping, 21(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701424672CrossRef

Friedrichsen, M., & Milberg, A. (2006). Concerns about losing control when breaking bad news to terminally ill patients with cancer: Physicians’ perspective. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9(3), 673–682. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2006.9.673CrossRefPubMed

Gagné, J. P., Kelly-Turner, K., & Radomsky, A. S. (2018). From the laboratory to the clinic (and back again): How experiments have informed cognitive–behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 9(4), 2043808718810030. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808718810030CrossRef

Gagné, J. P., Radomsky, A. S., & O’Connor, R. M. (2020). Manipulating Alcohol Expectancies in Social Anxiety: A Focus on Beliefs About Losing Control. Cognitive Therapy and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10165-6CrossRef

Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Seeing yourself through others’ eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465898000022CrossRef

Hofmann, S. G. (2005). Perception of control over anxiety mediates the relation between catastrophic thinking and social anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(7), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.002CrossRefPubMed

Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(4), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701421313CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Huneke, N., Rowlatt, H., Hyde, J., McEwan, A., Maryan, L., Baldwin, D., & Garner, M. (2021). A Modified Trier Social Stress Test to Investigate Social Anxiety using Videoconferencing Software: A Proof-of-Concept study. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q5rbj

Johns, A., & Peters, L. (2012). Self-Discrepancies and the Situational Domains of Social Phobia. Behaviour Change, 29(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.1CrossRef

Kelly-Turner, K., & Radomsky, A. S. (2020). The Fear of Losing Control in Social Anxiety: An Experimental Approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(4), 834–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10104-5CrossRef

Kline, R. B. (2009). Becoming a behavioral science researcher: A guide to producing research that matters. New York, NY:Guilford Press

Kline, R. B. (2020). Becoming a behavioral science researcher: A guide to producing research that matters. (2nd ed.) Guilford Press

Leung, A. W., & Heimberg, R. G. (1996). Homework compliance, perceptions of control, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(5), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(96)00014-9CrossRefPubMed

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-UCrossRefPubMed

McEvoy, P. M., & Kingsep, P. (2006). The post-event processing questionnaire in a clinical sample with social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(11), 1689–1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.005CrossRefPubMed

McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.01.006CrossRefPubMed

McEvoy, P. M., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2010). Are worry, rumination, and post-event processing one and the same? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(5), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.008CrossRefPubMed

Mellings, T. M. B., & Alden, L. E. (2000). Cognitive processes in social anxiety: The effects of self-focus, rumination and anticipatory processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00040-6CrossRefPubMed

Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 638. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.638CrossRefPubMed

Moscovitch, D. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2007). When ambiguity hurts: Social standards moderate self-appraisals in generalized social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(5), 1039–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.008CrossRefPubMed

Moulding, R., & Kyrios, M. (2006). Anxiety disorders and control related beliefs: The exemplar of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.009CrossRefPubMed

Mulkens, S., de Jong, P. J., Dobbelaar, A., & Bögels, S. M. (1999). Fear of blushing: Fearful preoccupation irrespective of facial coloration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(11), 1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00198-3CrossRefPubMed

Osborne, J. W. and Overbay, A. (2004) "The power of outliers (and why researchers should ALWAYS check for them),"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation: Vol. 9, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.7275/qf69-7k43

Ouimet, A. J., Dixon-Luinenburg, T., & Rooyakkers, M. (2021). Experimental Psychopathology at the Crossroads: Reflections on Past, Present, and Future Contributions to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 14(1), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-020-00093-4CrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2002). Effects of heart rate information on anxiety, perspective taking, and performance in high and low social-evaluative anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 33(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80024-7CrossRef

Perera, S., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E. (2016). Post-Event Processing across Multiple Anxiety Presentations: Is it Specific to Social Anxiety Disorder? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(5), 568–579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465815000697CrossRefPubMed

Rachman, S., Grüter-Andrew, J., & Shafran, R. (2000). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(6), 611–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00089-3CrossRefPubMed

Radomsky, A. S., & Gagné, J. P. (2019). The development and validation of the Beliefs About Losing Control Inventory (BALCI). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2019.1614978

Radomsky, A. S., & Gagné, J. P. (2020). The development and validation of the Beliefs About Losing Control Inventory (BALCI). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2019.1614978CrossRefPubMed

Radomsky, A. S., Gilchrist, P. T., & Dussault, D. (2006). Repeated checking really does cause memory distrust. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.02.005CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M. (1997). Perceived threat and perceived control as predictors of the degree of fear in physical and social situations. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(5), 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00022-4CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3CrossRefPubMed

Reuven-Magril, O., Dar, R., & Liberman, N. (2008). Illusion of control and behavioral control attempts in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.334CrossRefPubMed

Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., Ierullo, M. D., Chiang, B., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2015). A false sense of security: Safety behaviors erode objective speech performance in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 46(3), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.11.004CrossRefPubMed

Sanavio, E. (1988). Obsessions and compulsions: The Padua inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(88)90116-7CrossRefPubMed

Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 641–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641CrossRefPubMed

Shalom, J. G., Israeli, H., Markovitzky, O., & Lipsitz, J. D. (2015). Social anxiety and physiological arousal during computer mediated vs. Face to face communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.056CrossRef

Spokas, M., Luterek, J. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Social anxiety and emotional suppression: The mediating role of beliefs. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(2), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.004CrossRefPubMed

Spurr, J. M., & Stopa, L. (2002). Self-focused attention in social phobia and social anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 947–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00107-1CrossRefPubMed

Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(3), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90024-OCrossRefPubMed

Thompson, S., & Rapee, R. M. (2002). The effect of situational structure on the social performance of socially anxious and non-anxious participants. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(02)00021-6CrossRefPubMed

van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2004). Obsessive–compulsive disorder and the paradoxical effects of perseverative behaviour on experienced uncertainty. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.007CrossRefPubMed

Voncken, M. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Social performance deficits in social anxiety disorder: Reality during conversation and biased perception during speech. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8), 1384–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.001CrossRefPubMed

Wild, J., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., & McManus, F. (2008). Perception of arousal in social anxiety: Effects of false feedback during a social interaction. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(2), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.11.003CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., Stuart, G. L., & Curtin, J. J. (2001). Experimental Psychopathology in Psychological Science. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.371CrossRef

Titel: Always Saying the Wrong Thing: Negative Beliefs About Losing Control Cause Symptoms of Social Anxiety
Auteurs: Kenneth Kelly-Turner
Adam S. Radomsky
Publicatiedatum: 13-09-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 6/2022
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10325-w

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2022

Intergenerational Transmission of Social Anxiety in Childhood Through Fear of Negative Child Evaluation and Parenting

The Lasting Effects of Early Adversity and Updating Ability on the Tendency to Develop PTSD Symptoms Following Exposure to Trauma in Adulthood

Differential Effect of Emotional Stimuli on Performance on Verbal and Facial Priming Tasks and Their Relation to PTSD Symptoms in Girls with Intrafamiliar Sexual Abuse

Now I Always have to Perform Well! Effects of CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder on Negative Interpretations of Positive Social Events

Worrying But Not Acting: The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty in Explaining the Discrepancy in COVID-19-Related Responses

Self-discrepancy, Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Affective Style and Self-efficacy