Top

Gepubliceerd in:

18-05-2019 | Original Paper

African American Fathers’ Race-Related Discussions with Their Children: Associations with Racial Identity Beliefs and Sociodemographic Factors

Auteurs: Shauna M. Cooper, Meeta Banerjee, Charity Brown Griffin, Ciara Smalls Glover, Janae Shaheed, Margarett McBride, Marketa A. Burnett

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 10/2019

Abstract

Objectives

Studies have highlighted that, for African American men, race-related and sociodemographic contexts are inextricably bound and have profound effects across the life course. These context and related experiences, individually and collectively, are critical social determinants of their parenting practices. The current study examined African American fathers’ racial identity beliefs in relation to their ethnic-racial socialization practices. Further, this investigation examines this association within the context of sociodemographic factors (i.e., age; education level; residential status).

Methods

Data were collected from 174 African American fathers (M = 32.2; SD = 8.24; Range = 23–62 years of age) of adolescents (M = 12.6; SD = 2.20; Range = 8–18 years of age) residing in a mid-sized, urban city in the Southeastern region of the United States. Participants completed survey questionnaires regarding their parenting ideologies, sociocontextual experiences and parenting practices.

Results

Regression analyses revealed that racial identity dimensions (centrality; public regard; private regard) and sociodemographic factors were directly associated with multiple ethnic-racial socialization domains. Also, the relationship between fathers’ perceptions of others’ views about African Americans (public regard) and ethnic-racial socialization was moderated by residential status.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that, African American fathers’ public regard beliefs, in combination with sociodemographic factors, shape race-related discussions with their children. Overall, results suggest that the public lens of fatherhood is further heightened by African American fathers’ sociodemographic landscape.

vorige artikel Effects of Parental Internalizing Problems on Irritability in Adolescents: Moderation by Parental Warmth and Overprotection

volgende artikel Parental Socialization Beliefs and Long-term Goals for Young Children Among Three Generations of Mexican American Mothers

APA Workgroup on Health Disparities in Boys and Men. (2018). https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/health-disparities-men.aspx.

Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392.CrossRefPubMed

Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., & Caldwell, C. H. (2018). Does discrimination explain high risk of depression among high-income African American men? Behavioral Sciences, 8(4), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8040040.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Bañales, J., Marchand, A. D., Skinner, O. D., Anyiwo, N., Rowley, S. J., & Kurtz‐Costes, B. (2019). Black adolescents’ critical reflection development: Parents’ racial socialization and attributions about race achievement gaps. Journal of Research on Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12485.

Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: a process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129836.CrossRefPubMed

Belsky, J., Jaffee, S. R., Sligo, J., Woodward, L., & Silva, P. A. (2005). Intergenerational transmission of warm‐sensitive‐stimulating parenting: a prospective study of mothers and fathers of 3‐year‐olds. Child Development, 76(2), 384–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00852.x.CrossRefPubMed

Bronte-Tinkew, J., & Horowitz, A. (2010). Factors associated with unmarried, nonresident fathers’ perceptions of their coparenting. Journal of Family Issues, 31(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X09342866.CrossRef

Brown, T. L., Linver, M. R., Evans, M., & DeGennaro, D. (2009). African-American parents’ racial and ethnic socialization and adolescent academic grades: teasing out the role of gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 214–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-936.CrossRefPubMed

Butler‐Barnes, S.T., Richardson, B.L., Chavous, T.M., & Zhu, J. (2018). The Importance of Racial Socialization: school‐based racial discrimination and racial identity among African American adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Research on Adolescence.

Caughy, M. O. B., O’Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, K. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American preschoolers. Child Development, 73(5), 1611–1625. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00493.CrossRefPubMed

Coley, R. L., & Hernandez, D. C. (2006). Predictors of paternal involvement for resident and nonresident low-income fathers. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1041 https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1041.CrossRefPubMed

Coley, R. L., & Morris, J. E. (2002). Comparing father and mother reports of father involvement among low-income minority families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(4), 982–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00982.x.CrossRef

Cooper, S. M., Smalls‐Glover, C., Metzger, I., & Griffin, C. (2015). African American fathers’ racial socialization patterns: associations with racial identity beliefs and discrimination experiences. Family Relations, 64(2), 278–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12115.CrossRef

Cooper, S. M., Smalls-Glover, C., Neblett, E. W., & Banks, K. H. (2014). Racial socialization practices among African American fathers: a profile-oriented approach. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(1), 11 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035654.CrossRef

Cooper, S. M., & Smalls, C. (2010). Culturally distinctive and academic socialization: direct and interactive relationships with African American adolescents’ academic adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9404-1.CrossRefPubMed

Crouter, A. C., Baril, M. E., Davis, K. D., & McHale, S. M. (2008). Processes linking social class and racial socialization in African American dual-earner families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(5), 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00568.x.CrossRefPubMed

Doyle, O., Joe, S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2012). Ethnic differences in mental illness and mental health service use among Black fathers. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S2), S222–S231. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300446.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ellis, J. M., Rowley, L. L., Nellum, C. J., & Smith, C. D. (2018). From alienation to efficacy: an examination of racial identity and racial academic stereotypes among Black male adolescents. Urban Education, 53(7), 899–928. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085915602538.CrossRef

Hall, N. M., Morales, D. A., Coyne-Beasley, T., & Lawrence, J. S. (2012). Correlates of African American men’s sexual schemas. Sex Roles, 67(11–12), 670–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0217-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hammond, W., Banks, K., & Mattis, J. S. (2006). Masculinity ideology and forgiveness of racial discrimination among African American men: direct and interactive relationships. Sex Roles, 55(9–10), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9123-y.CrossRef

Harris, K., & Ryan, S. (2004). Father involvement and the diversity of family context. In R. D. Day & M. E. Lamb (Eds), Conceptualizing and measuring father involvement (pp. 293–319). Mahwah, NJ US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Hofferth, S. L. (2003). Race/ethnic differences in father involvement in two-parent families: culture, context, or economy? Journal of Family Issues, 24(2), 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02250087.CrossRef

Hudson, D. L., Neighbors, H. W., Geronimus, A. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2016). Racial discrimination, John Henryism, and depression among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(3), 221–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414567757.CrossRef

Hughes, D. (2003). Correlates of African American and Latino parents’ messages to children about ethnicity and race: a comparative study of racial socialization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1–2), 15–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023066418688.CrossRefPubMed

Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: an examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1(4), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0104_4.CrossRef

Hughes, D., & Johnson, D. (2001). Correlates in children’s experiences of parents’ racial socialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 981–995. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00981.x.CrossRef

Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747.CrossRefPubMed

Hunter, A. G., Friend, C. A., Murphy, S. Y., Rollins, A., Williams-Wheeler, M., & Laughinghouse, J. (2006). Loss, survival, and redemption: African American male youths’ reflections on life without fathers, manhood, and coming of age. Youth & Society, 37(4), 423–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X05282280.CrossRef

Jones, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2013). Fathers’ involvement with their children: United States, 2006–2010. National Health Statistics Reports, 20(71), 1–21.

Jones, S. C., & Neblett, E. W. (2019). Black parenting couples’ discussions of the racial socialization process: occurrence and effectiveness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(1), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1248-4.CrossRef

Lesane-Brown, C., Scottham, K. M., Nguyen, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2008). Parent–child race socialization: a new measure for use with African American adolescents. Unpublished manuscript.

McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J. Y., Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. (2006). Mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization in African American families: implications for youth. Child Development, 77(5), 1387–1402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00942.x.CrossRefPubMed

Mitchell, J. A., Watkins, D. C., Shires, D., Chapman, R. A., & Burnett, J. (2017). Clues to the blues: predictors of self-reported mental and emotional health among older African American men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(5), 1366–1375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315600064.CrossRefPubMed

Neblett, E. W., Smalls, C., Ford, K., Nguyen, H., & Sellers, R. (2008). Racial socialization and racial identity: African American parents’ messages about race as precursors to identity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9359-7.CrossRefPubMed

Peck, S. C., Brodish, A. B., Malanchuk, O., Banerjee, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2014). Racial/ethnic socialization and identity development in Black families: the role of parent and youth reports. Developmental Psychology, 50(7), 1897–1909. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036800.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31(4), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986031004437.CrossRef

Richardson, B. L., Macon, T. A., Mustafaa, F. N., Bogan, E. D., Cole-Lewis, Y., & Chavous, T. M. (2015). Associations of racial discrimination and parental discrimination coping messages with African American adolescent racial identity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(6), 1301–1317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0196-6.CrossRefPubMed

Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2010). Parents’ experiences of discrimination and family relationship qualities: the role of gender. Family Relations, 59(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00602.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rogers, L. O., & Way, N. (2016). “I have goals to prove all those people wrong and not fit into any one of those boxes” paths of resistance to stereotypes among Black adolescent males. Journal of Adolescent Research, 31(3), 263–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558415600071.CrossRef

Rowley, S. J., Varner, F., Ross, L., Williams, A., & Banerjee, M., (2012). Toward a model of racial identity and parenting in African Americans. In J.M. Sullivan & A.M. Esmail (Eds) African American identity: racial and cultural dimension of the black experience. (pp. 273–288). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield.

Roy, K., & Burton, L. (2007). Mothering through recruitment: Kinscription of nonresidential fathers and father figures in low‐income families. Family Relations, 56(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00437.x.CrossRef

Scottham, K. M., & Smalls, C. P. (2009). Unpacking racial socialization: considering female African American primary caregivers’ racial identity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(4), 807–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00636.x.CrossRefPubMed

Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. A. (1997). The multidimensional inventory of Black identity: construct validity and reliability. Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 73(4), 805–815.CrossRef

Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: a reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2.CrossRefPubMed

Tatum, B. (1997). Out there stranded? Black families in White communities. In H. McAdoo (Ed.), Black Families (3rd ed. pp. 214–233). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Thomas, A. J., & Speight, S. L. (1999). Racial identity and racial socialization attitudes of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 25(2), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798499025002002.CrossRef

Thornton, M. C., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Allen, W. R. (1990). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents. Child Development, 61(2), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02786.x.CrossRefPubMed

Volling, B. L., & Belsky, J. (1991). Multiple determinants of father involvement during infancy in dual-earner and single-earner families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(2), 461–474. https://doi.org/10.2307/352912.CrossRef

White-Johnson, R. L., Ford, K. R., & Sellers, R. M. (2010). Parental racial socialization profiles: association with demographic factors, racial discrimination, childhood socialization, and racial identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: African American Fathers’ Race-Related Discussions with Their Children: Associations with Racial Identity Beliefs and Sociodemographic Factors
Auteurs: Shauna M. Cooper
Meeta Banerjee
Charity Brown Griffin
Ciara Smalls Glover
Janae Shaheed
Margarett McBride
Marketa A. Burnett
Publicatiedatum: 18-05-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 10/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01460-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2019

Adolescents’ Conflict Resolution with Their Parents and Best Friends: Links to Life Satisfaction

Original Paper

Executive Function in the Adolescent Mother- Grandmother Dyad and Development of the Young Child

Original Paper

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Adolescents with Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review of the Research Literature

Review Paper

The Weight Status of Only Children in China: The Role of Marital Satisfaction and Maternal Warmth

Original Paper

Health School-based Mindfulness Interventions for Improving Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies

Open Access
Review Paper

Evaluating Parents’ and Children’s Assessments of Competence, Health Related Quality of Life and Illness Perception

Open Access
Original Paper