Introduction
Methods and results
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Defining the flatfoot: clinical, foot pressure, radiologic
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Critical evaluation of flatfoot deformity: in vitro
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How often does the flatfoot occur?
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Normal arch development
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Why is the flatfoot a problem?
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Why does the flatfoot occur?
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Causes of flatfoot in adults
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○ 1. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD)
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○ 2. Arthritis: Midfoot, hindfoot, ankle
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○ 3. Hypermobile flatfoot
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○ 4. Neuropathic arthropathy
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○ 5. Fracture malunion
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○ 6. Inflammatory arthropathy
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○ 7. Peroneal spastic flatfoot
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○ 8. Neuromuscular disorder
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○ 9. Other
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PTTD etiology
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PT muscle, tendon anatomy
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PT function
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PT muscle activity during gait
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Factors predisposing to PTTD
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○ PT gliding resistance
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PT pathoanatomy
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Natural history of PTTD
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PTTD evaluation: symptoms, signs
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Investigative studies
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Gait analysis in PTTD patients
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Simulated walking: Normal, PTTD [4]
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PTTD treatment
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PTTD treatment results
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Failures, complications
Conclusion
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Current recommendations