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04-07-2024 | Empirical Research

Achievement Goals as Mediators of the Links Between Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms From Mid-Adolescence to Early Adulthood

Auteurs: William Gilbert, Rayana Eltanoukhi, Alexandre J. S. Morin, Katariina Salmela-Aro

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 1/2025

Abstract

Numerous studies have sought to determine whether low self-esteem acts as a risk factor for depressive symptoms (i.e., a vulnerability model) or whether depressive symptoms lead to a decrease in self-esteem (i.e., a scar model). Although both models have received some support, very little research has: (a) addressed this question across critical life transitions likely to modify this pattern of associations, such as the transition to adulthood; (b) sought to identify the psychological mechanisms (i.e., mediators) underpinning these associations. The present study was designed to address these two limitations, focusing on the directionality of the associations between depressive symptoms and self-esteem from mid-adolescence to early adulthood while considering the role of motivational factors, namely mastery (intrinsic/extrinsic) and performance (approach/avoidance) goals as conceptualized in achievement goal theory. A sample of 707 Finnish adolescents aged 15–16 (52.1% boys) was surveyed six times up to the age of 25. Results from a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) revealed that depressed individuals were more likely to have low self-esteem, although self-esteem protected against depressive symptoms between ages 16–17 to 20–21. Moreover, while self-esteem promoted mastery-extrinsic goals which in turn reinforced self-esteem, depressive symptoms promoted performance-avoidance goals which led to more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem. Overall, these findings highlight (1) the long-lasting negative consequences of depressive symptoms on self-esteem and (2) the crucial role played by academic motivation in explaining the development of depressive symptoms and self-esteem over time. In turn, these results help refine the vulnerability and scar models, and suggest that motivational factors should be considered in prevention and intervention efforts among young populations.

vorige artikel How School Burnout Affects Depression Symptoms Among Chinese Adolescents: Evidence from Individual and Peer Clique Level

volgende artikel Longitudinal Relationships Among Child School Engagement, Parental Monitoring, and Child Prosocial Behavior: A Child-Parent Synergistic Mechanism

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Adolescence is the period between the ages of 11 and 19. This period is itself subdivided into three stages: early adolescence (ages 11–13), middle adolescence (ages 14–17), and late adolescence (ages 17–19) (Salmela-Aro, 2011). Early adulthood, also known as emerging adulthood, is generally considered to be the period between the ages of 18 and 25, although cultural differences exist as to the exact delimitation of this period (Arnett, 2023). The transition from adolescence to early adulthood is a gradual process that takes place as young people begin to experience major developmental changes in most areas of their lives, requiring them to develop new skills and learn to cope with new experiences (Lenz, 2001).

CLPM has been recently criticized for its inability to account for the stable between-person variance present in each construct, leading some to proposed alternative models, such as the random intercept CLPM (RI-CLPM). The RI-CLPM captures this trait-like stability through the inclusion of a random intercept factor underpinning each construct (i.e., a factor with all loadings constrained to 1; Hamaker et al., 2015). However, the CLPM is nested within the RI-CLPM, so that it is possible to contrast a RI-CLPM with a nested CLPM (a RI-CLPM in which the variances and covariances of the RI factors are constrained to be exactly zero) (Hamaker et al., 2015). Before completing the main analyses, this nested model comparison was conducted, which revealed that the fit of both models was virtually identical, leading to the rejection of the RI-CLPM as a viable alternative. This decision was further supported by the observation that the random intercept factors had non-statistically significant (or very small) variances and covariances in the RI-CLPM solution. These observations support the decision to retain the CLPM as the optimal analytical solution (Hamaker et al., 2015). This superiority is also a good thing as it avoids having to rely on inconsistent interpretations of associations occurring between variables modeled via RI-CLPM (depressive symptoms and self-esteem) or CLPM (achievement goals, with only two time points).

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Titel: Achievement Goals as Mediators of the Links Between Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms From Mid-Adolescence to Early Adulthood
Auteurs: William Gilbert
Rayana Eltanoukhi
Alexandre J. S. Morin
Katariina Salmela-Aro
Publicatiedatum: 04-07-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 1/2025
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02045-z

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