Skip to main content
Top

2021 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

44. Abnormaal vaginaal bloedverlies

Auteurs : Prof. dr. H. de Vries, Prof. dr. V. Mijatovic, Dr. A. H. Blankenstein

Gepubliceerd in: Diagnostiek van alledaagse klachten

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

De betekenis van abnormaal vaginaal bloedverlies is sterk afhankelijk van de levensfase van de vrouw. De eerste vijf jaar na de menarche is onregelmatig en hevig menstrueren meestal fysiologisch. Daarom is bij deze groep na een grondige anamnese nadere diagnostiek meestal niet noodzakelijk, tenzij zwangerschap of een soa anamnestisch niet uit te sluiten zijn. Bij postmenopauzaal bloedverlies is de kans op ernstige organische afwijkingen sterk verhoogd. Bij de anamnese is vooral van belang om te vragen naar de betekenis van de klachten voor de vrouw, het patroon van bloedverlies en eventueel tijdstip van de menopauze, hoeveelheid en beloop van het bloedverlies, kans op (onbekende) zwangerschap en risico van een soa. Het lichamelijk onderzoek behelst in elk geval inspectie van de vulva en perineum en vaginaal toucher. Bij intermenstrueel of onregelmatig bloedverlies is ook speculumonderzoek noodzakelijk. De arts probeert hiermee organische afwijkingen zoals vaginitis, cervicitis, poliepen en myomen op te sporen. Indien men geen aanwijzingen vindt voor organische oorzaken, wordt abnormaal vaginaal bloedverlies in de fertiele levensfase meestal toegeschreven aan hormonale disfunctie, waaronder het normale climacterium. Het aanvullend onderzoek geschiedt op indicatie en is onder meer bedoeld om een eventuele anemie op te sporen of zwangerschap uit te sluiten.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Heineman MJ, Evers JLH, Massuger LFAG, Steegers EAP, redacteuren. Obstetrie en gynaecologie: De voortplanting van de mens. 7e druk. Amsterdam: Reed business; 2012. Heineman MJ, Evers JLH, Massuger LFAG, Steegers EAP, redacteuren. Obstetrie en gynaecologie: De voortplanting van de mens. 7e druk. Amsterdam: Reed business; 2012.
2.
go back to reference Tweede herziening LTA Vaginaal bloedverlies in de postmenopauze. Utrecht: NHG, September 2019. Tweede herziening LTA Vaginaal bloedverlies in de postmenopauze. Utrecht: NHG, September 2019.
3.
go back to reference Nagele F, O’Connor H, Davies A, et al. 2500 Outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopies. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:87–92.CrossRefPubMed Nagele F, O’Connor H, Davies A, et al. 2500 Outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopies. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:87–92.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Hevig Menstrueel Bloedverlies: beeldvormende diagnostiek, laatst beoordeeld 01-01-2013. Richtlijnendatabase van de federatie medisch specialisten. https://richtlijnendatabase.nl/ Hevig Menstrueel Bloedverlies: beeldvormende diagnostiek, laatst beoordeeld 01-01-2013. Richtlijnendatabase van de federatie medisch specialisten. https://​richtlijnendatab​ase.​nl/​
6.
go back to reference van Eijkeren MA, Christiaens GCML, Haspels AA, et al. Measured menstrual blood loss in women with a bleeding disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:1261–3.CrossRefPubMed van Eijkeren MA, Christiaens GCML, Haspels AA, et al. Measured menstrual blood loss in women with a bleeding disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:1261–3.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Denekens J, Aertsens WA. Abnormaal vaginaal bloedverlies. In: Damme J van, Essed GGM, De Sutter A., redacteuren. Gynaecologie. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2013. Denekens J, Aertsens WA. Abnormaal vaginaal bloedverlies. In: Damme J van, Essed GGM, De Sutter A., redacteuren. Gynaecologie. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2013.
9.
go back to reference Matteson KA, Clark MA. Questioning our questions: do frequently asked questions adequately cover the aspects of womenʼs lives most affected by abnormal uterine bleeding? Opinions of women with abnormal uterine bleeding participating in focus group discussions. Women Health. 2010;50:195–211.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Matteson KA, Clark MA. Questioning our questions: do frequently asked questions adequately cover the aspects of womenʼs lives most affected by abnormal uterine bleeding? Opinions of women with abnormal uterine bleeding participating in focus group discussions. Women Health. 2010;50:195–211.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
go back to reference Hallberg L, Hoïgdall A, Nisson L, et al. Menstrual blood loss – a population study. Variation at different ages and attempts to define normality. Acta Obstet Gynec Scand. 1966;45:320–51. Hallberg L, Hoïgdall A, Nisson L, et al. Menstrual blood loss – a population study. Variation at different ages and attempts to define normality. Acta Obstet Gynec Scand. 1966;45:320–51.
13.
go back to reference Khafaga A, Goldstein SR. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2019;46:595–605.CrossRefPubMed Khafaga A, Goldstein SR. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2019;46:595–605.CrossRefPubMed
14.
15.
go back to reference Wouk N, Helton M. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Women. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99:435–43.PubMed Wouk N, Helton M. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Women. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99:435–43.PubMed
16.
17.
go back to reference Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Kaltas T, et al. Disturbances of menstruation in hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol. Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Kaltas T, et al. Disturbances of menstruation in hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol.
19.
go back to reference Van der Voet LF, Bij de Vaate AM, Veersema S, et al. Long-term complications of caesarean section. The niche in the scar: a prospective cohort study on niche prevalence and its relation to abnormal uterine bleeding. BJOG 2014; 121:236 Van der Voet LF, Bij de Vaate AM, Veersema S, et al. Long-term complications of caesarean section. The niche in the scar: a prospective cohort study on niche prevalence and its relation to abnormal uterine bleeding. BJOG 2014; 121:236
20.
go back to reference Vries CJ de, Wieringa-de Waard M, Vervoort CL, et al. Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women of reproductive age: a descriptive study of initial management in general practice. BMC Womens Health. 2008;8:7.15 Vries CJ de, Wieringa-de Waard M, Vervoort CL, et al. Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women of reproductive age: a descriptive study of initial management in general practice. BMC Womens Health. 2008;8:7.15
21.
go back to reference Warner P, Critchley HOD, Lumsden MA, et al. Referral for menstrual problems: cross sectional survey of symptoms, reasons for referral, and management. BMJ. 2001;323:24–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Warner P, Critchley HOD, Lumsden MA, et al. Referral for menstrual problems: cross sectional survey of symptoms, reasons for referral, and management. BMJ. 2001;323:24–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
go back to reference Edlund M, Blomback M, von Schoultz B, et al. On the value of menorrhagia as a predictor for coagulation disorders. Am J Hematol. 1996;53:234–8.CrossRefPubMed Edlund M, Blomback M, von Schoultz B, et al. On the value of menorrhagia as a predictor for coagulation disorders. Am J Hematol. 1996;53:234–8.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Kadir RA, Economides DL, Sabin CA, et al. Frequency of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Lancet. 1998;351:485–9.CrossRefPubMed Kadir RA, Economides DL, Sabin CA, et al. Frequency of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Lancet. 1998;351:485–9.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Dilley A, Drews C, Miller C, et al. Von Willebrand disease and other inherited bleeding disorders in women with diagnosed menorrhagia. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:630–6.PubMed Dilley A, Drews C, Miller C, et al. Von Willebrand disease and other inherited bleeding disorders in women with diagnosed menorrhagia. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:630–6.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Tur-Kaspa I, Gal M, Hartman M, et al. A prospective evaluation of uterine abnormalities by saline infusion sonohysterography in 1,900 women with infertility or abnormal uterine bleeding. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:1731–5.CrossRefPubMed Tur-Kaspa I, Gal M, Hartman M, et al. A prospective evaluation of uterine abnormalities by saline infusion sonohysterography in 1,900 women with infertility or abnormal uterine bleeding. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:1731–5.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Clevenger-Hoeft M, Syrop CH, Stovall DW, et al. Sonohysterography in premenopausal women with and without abnormal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:516–20.PubMed Clevenger-Hoeft M, Syrop CH, Stovall DW, et al. Sonohysterography in premenopausal women with and without abnormal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:516–20.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Gredmark T, Kvint S, Havel G, et al. Histopathological findings in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:133–6.CrossRefPubMed Gredmark T, Kvint S, Havel G, et al. Histopathological findings in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:133–6.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Emanuel MH, Verdel MJ, Wamsteker K, et al. An audit of true prevalence of intrauterine pathology: the hysteroscopic findings, controlled for patient selection in 1202 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Gynaecol Endosc. 1995;4:237–41. Emanuel MH, Verdel MJ, Wamsteker K, et al. An audit of true prevalence of intrauterine pathology: the hysteroscopic findings, controlled for patient selection in 1202 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Gynaecol Endosc. 1995;4:237–41.
29.
go back to reference Chimbira TH, Anderson ABM, Turnbull AC. Relation between measured menstrual blood loss and patient’s subjective assessment of loss, duration of bleeding, number of sanitary towels used, uterine weight and endometrial surface area. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;87:603–9.CrossRef Chimbira TH, Anderson ABM, Turnbull AC. Relation between measured menstrual blood loss and patient’s subjective assessment of loss, duration of bleeding, number of sanitary towels used, uterine weight and endometrial surface area. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;87:603–9.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Zakherah MS, Sayed GH, El-Nashar SA, Shaaban MM. Pictorial blood loss assessment chart in the evaluation of heavy menstrual bleeding: diagnostic accuracy compared to alkaline hematin. Gynaecol Obstet Invest. 2011;71:281–4.CrossRef Zakherah MS, Sayed GH, El-Nashar SA, Shaaban MM. Pictorial blood loss assessment chart in the evaluation of heavy menstrual bleeding: diagnostic accuracy compared to alkaline hematin. Gynaecol Obstet Invest. 2011;71:281–4.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Peterson HB, Xia Z, Wilcox LS, et al. Pregnancy after tubal sterilisation with bipolar elektrocoagulation. U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization Working Group. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:163–7. Peterson HB, Xia Z, Wilcox LS, et al. Pregnancy after tubal sterilisation with bipolar elektrocoagulation. U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization Working Group. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:163–7.
32.
go back to reference Ramoska EA, Sachetti AD, Nepp M. Reliability of patient history in determining the possibility of pregnancy. Ann Ramoska EA, Sachetti AD, Nepp M. Reliability of patient history in determining the possibility of pregnancy. Ann
33.
go back to reference Essed GGM, Phaff Ch, Spronken-Verschuren ThMThE, et al. Het gynaecologisch onderzoek. 2e druk. Utrecht: Bunge; 1996. Essed GGM, Phaff Ch, Spronken-Verschuren ThMThE, et al. Het gynaecologisch onderzoek. 2e druk. Utrecht: Bunge; 1996.
34.
go back to reference Essed GGM. Nieuwenhuizen Kruseman-Smit NJM. Fysische diagnostiek – het vaginaal toucher. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001;145:2115–20. Essed GGM. Nieuwenhuizen Kruseman-Smit NJM. Fysische diagnostiek – het vaginaal toucher. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001;145:2115–20.
35.
go back to reference Mitchell H, Medley G, Giles G. Cervical cancers diagnosed after negative results on cervical cytology: perspective in the 1980s. BMJ. 1990;300:1622–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mitchell H, Medley G, Giles G. Cervical cancers diagnosed after negative results on cervical cytology: perspective in the 1980s. BMJ. 1990;300:1622–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1579–88.CrossRefPubMed Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1579–88.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Wouk N, Helton M. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Women. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99:435–43.PubMed Wouk N, Helton M. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Women. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99:435–43.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Leebeek FWG, Lotgering FK. Een erfelijke hemostaseafwijking als oorzaak van menorragie. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146:545–8.PubMed Leebeek FWG, Lotgering FK. Een erfelijke hemostaseafwijking als oorzaak van menorragie. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146:545–8.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Kouides PA, Conard J, Peyrando F, et al. Hemostasis and menstruation: appropriate investigation for underlying disorders of hemostasis in women with excessive menstrual bleeding. Fertil Steril. 2005;84:1345–51.CrossRefPubMed Kouides PA, Conard J, Peyrando F, et al. Hemostasis and menstruation: appropriate investigation for underlying disorders of hemostasis in women with excessive menstrual bleeding. Fertil Steril. 2005;84:1345–51.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Robinson K, Giangrande P. Menorrhagia. Underlying bleeding disorders need to be ruled out. BMJ. 2001;322:732. Robinson K, Giangrande P. Menorrhagia. Underlying bleeding disorders need to be ruled out. BMJ. 2001;322:732.
43.
go back to reference Dijkhuizen FP, Brolmann HA, Potters AE, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:345–9.CrossRefPubMed Dijkhuizen FP, Brolmann HA, Potters AE, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:345–9.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference de Vries LD, Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, et al. Comparison of transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonography, and hysteroscopy in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. J Clin Ultrasound. 2000;28:217–23.CrossRefPubMed de Vries LD, Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, et al. Comparison of transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonography, and hysteroscopy in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. J Clin Ultrasound. 2000;28:217–23.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Soguktas S, Cogendez E, Kayatas SE, et al. Comparison of saline infusion sonohysterography and hysteroscopy in diagnosis of premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;161:66–70.CrossRefPubMed Soguktas S, Cogendez E, Kayatas SE, et al. Comparison of saline infusion sonohysterography and hysteroscopy in diagnosis of premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;161:66–70.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Dijkhuizen FP, de Vries LD, Mol BW, et al. Comparison of transvaginal ultrasonography and saline infusion sonography for the detection of intracavitary abnormalities in premenopausal women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;15:372–6.CrossRefPubMed Dijkhuizen FP, de Vries LD, Mol BW, et al. Comparison of transvaginal ultrasonography and saline infusion sonography for the detection of intracavitary abnormalities in premenopausal women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;15:372–6.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Bittencourt A, dos Santos Simoes R, Bernardo WM, et al. Accuracy of saline contrast sonohysterography in detection of endometrial polyps and submucosal leiomyomas in women of reproductive age with abnormal uterine bleeding: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50:32–9.CrossRefPubMed Bittencourt A, dos Santos Simoes R, Bernardo WM, et al. Accuracy of saline contrast sonohysterography in detection of endometrial polyps and submucosal leiomyomas in women of reproductive age with abnormal uterine bleeding: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50:32–9.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Bronz L, Suter T, Rusca T. The value of transvaginal sonography with and without saline instillation in the diagnosis of uterine pathology in pre- and postmenopausal women with abnormal bleeding or suspect sonographic findings. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1997;9:53–8.CrossRefPubMed Bronz L, Suter T, Rusca T. The value of transvaginal sonography with and without saline instillation in the diagnosis of uterine pathology in pre- and postmenopausal women with abnormal bleeding or suspect sonographic findings. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1997;9:53–8.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Smith P, Bakos O, Heimer G, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound for identifying endometrial abnormality. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1991;70:591–4.CrossRefPubMed Smith P, Bakos O, Heimer G, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound for identifying endometrial abnormality. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1991;70:591–4.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Karlsson B, Granberg S, Wikland M, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding – a Nordic multicentered study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1488–94.CrossRefPubMed Karlsson B, Granberg S, Wikland M, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding – a Nordic multicentered study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1488–94.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Gaucherand P, Piacenza B, Salle B, et al. Sonohysterography of the uterine cavity: preliminary investigations. J Clin Ultrasound. 1995;23:339–48.CrossRefPubMed Gaucherand P, Piacenza B, Salle B, et al. Sonohysterography of the uterine cavity: preliminary investigations. J Clin Ultrasound. 1995;23:339–48.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Mortakis A, Mavrelos K. Transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 1997:449–52. Mortakis A, Mavrelos K. Transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 1997:449–52.
53.
go back to reference Emanuel MH, Wamsteker K, Lammes FB. Is dilatation and curettage obsolete for diagnosing intrauterine disorders in premenopausal patients with persistent abnormal uterine bleeding? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997;76:65–8.CrossRefPubMed Emanuel MH, Wamsteker K, Lammes FB. Is dilatation and curettage obsolete for diagnosing intrauterine disorders in premenopausal patients with persistent abnormal uterine bleeding? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997;76:65–8.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Pal L, Lapensee L, Toth TL, et al. Comparison of office hysteroscopy, transvaginal ultrasonography and endometrial biopsy in evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. JSLS. 1997;1:125–30.PubMedPubMedCentral Pal L, Lapensee L, Toth TL, et al. Comparison of office hysteroscopy, transvaginal ultrasonography and endometrial biopsy in evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. JSLS. 1997;1:125–30.PubMedPubMedCentral
Metagegevens
Titel
Abnormaal vaginaal bloedverlies
Auteurs
Prof. dr. H. de Vries
Prof. dr. V. Mijatovic
Dr. A. H. Blankenstein
Copyright
2021
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2620-4_44