Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-08-2008

A “Triple W”-Model of Rumination on Sadness: Why Am I Feeling Sad, What’s the Meaning of My Sadness, and Wish I Could Stop Thinking About my Sadness (But I Can’t!)

Auteurs: Filip Raes, Dirk Hermans, J. Mark G. Williams, Patricia Bijttebier, Paul Eelen

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2008

Abstract

Depressive rumination has been found to be a critical factor in the onset and maintenance of depression [for a recent review, see Nolen-Hoeksema, In C. Papageorgiou, & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment (pp. 107–124). Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004], but an issue still to be resolved is whether some aspects of depressive rumination are more damaging than others. Some studies have found depressive rumination to have a single factor, others describe several dimensions. This study addresses (a) whether a single or multi-factorial model is most appropriate, and if so, (b) which aspect of depressive rumination is the most pathological. In Study One, a measure of depressive rumination, the Rumination on Sadness Scale (RSS; Conway, Csank, Holm, & Blake, Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 404–425, 2000), was given to 152 students (128 women). Reliability and validity for the RSS was corroborated. The RSS was then used to further investigate the multi-component nature of depressive rumination. Confirmatory Factor Analyses on the RSS revealed a three-factor solution; “ruminating about the reasons for my sadness” (Causal Analysis), “ruminating about the meaning of my sadness” (Understanding), and “uncontrollability of this ruminative thinking on my sadness” (Uncontrollability). In order to strengthen the three subscales, eight new items were added. Four items of the original RSS were deleted. In Study 2, using this extended scale (Leuven Adaptation of the Rumination on Sadness Scale; LARSS), the three-factor model was replicated in a second sample (N = 219). Depressive symptoms and the tendency to suppress negative thinking (Wenzlaff & Luxton, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 293–308, 2003) were associated with Uncontrollability of ruminative thinking. Results confirm the importance of distinguishing different components in depressive rumination and tentatively suggest that the meta-ruminative factor, uncontrollability of rumination, is particularly problematic.

vorige artikel Responses to Positive Affect: A Self-Report Measure of Rumination and Dampening

volgende artikel Dispositional Rumination in Individuals with a Depression History

Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Beck, A. T., Rush, A., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.PubMedCrossRef

Bollen, K. A. (1989). Confirmatory factor analysis. In K. A. Bollen (Ed.), Structural equations with latent variables (pp. 226–318). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bouman, T. K., Luteijn, F., Albersnagel, F. A., & van der Ploeg, F. A. E. (1985). Enige ervaringen met de Beck Depression Inventory [Some experiences with the Beck Depression Inventory]. Gedrag, 13, 13–24.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Lang (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279–296.PubMedCrossRef

Conway, M., Csank, P. A. R., Holm, S. L., & Blake, C. K. (2000). On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 404–425.PubMedCrossRef

Conway, M., Mendelson, M., Giannopoulos, C., Csank, P. A. R., & Holm, S. L. (2004). Childhood and adult sexual abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 393–410.CrossRef

Fresco, D. M., Frankel, A. N., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 179–188.CrossRef

Fritz, H. L. (1999). Rumination and adjustment to a first coronary event. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 105.

Hermans, D., Crombez, G., van Rijsoort, S., & Laeremans, I. (2002). De meta-cognities Vragenlijst [The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire]. Gedragstherapie, 35, 341–352.

Hertel, P. T., & Gerstle, M. (2003). Depressive deficits in forgetting. Psychological Science, 14, 573–578.PubMedCrossRef

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL ^® 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.

Just, N., & Alloy, L. B. (1997). The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 221–229.PubMedCrossRef

Kerkhof, A., Hermans, D., Figee, A., Laeremans, I., Aardema, A., & Pieters, G. (2000). De Penn State Worry Questionnaire en de Worry Domains Questionnaire: Eerste resultaten bij Nederlandse en Vlaamse klinische en poliklinische populaties. [The PSWQ and the WDQ: first results from Dutch and Flemish clinical and polyclinical populations]. Gedragstherapie, 33, 135–145.

Luminet, O. (2004). Measurement of depressive rumination and associated constructs. In C. Papageorgiou, & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment (pp. 187–216). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 11, pp. 1–47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

McFarland, C., & Buehler, R. (1998). The impact of negative affect on autobiographical memory: The role of self-focused attention to moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1424–1440.PubMedCrossRef

Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.PubMedCrossRef

Morrow, J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 519–527.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2004). The response styles theory. In C. Papageorgiou, & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment (pp. 107–124). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). Thanks for sharing that: Ruminators and their social support network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801–814.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993). The effects of rumination and distraction on naturally-occurring depressed moods. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 561–570.CrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20–28.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92–104.PubMedCrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (1999). Process and meta-cognitive dimensions of depressive and anxious thoughts and relationships with emotional intensity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 156–162.CrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2001). Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: Development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale. Behavior Therapy, 32, 13–26.CrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2003a). Rumination and depression: Advances in theory and research. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 243–245.CrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2003b). An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 261–273.CrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2004). Nature, functions, and beliefs about depressive rumination. In C. Papageorgiou, & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment (pp. 3–20). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Raes, F., Hermans, D., & Eelen P. (2003). De Nederlandstalige versie van de Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) en de Rumination on Sadness Scale (RRS-NL). [The Dutch version of the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) and the Rumination on Sadness Scale (RRS-NL)]. Gedragstherapie, 36, 97–104.

Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., Beyers, W., Brunfaut, E., & Eelen, P. (2006). Reduced autobiographical memory specificity and rumination in predicting the course of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 699–704.PubMedCrossRef

Ramel, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 433–455.CrossRef

Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998). Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 401–423.CrossRef

Schmaling, K. B., Dimidjian, S., Katon, W., & Sullivan, M. (2002). Response styles among patients with minor depression and dysthemia in primary care. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 350–356.PubMedCrossRef

Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E., & Craske, M. G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 671–688.CrossRef

Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180.CrossRef

Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284–304.PubMedCrossRef

Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247–259.CrossRef

Van Rijsoort, S., Vervaeke, G., & Emmelkamp, P. (1997). De Penn State Worry Questionnaire en de Worry Domains Questionnaire: Eerste resultaten bij een normale Nederlandse populatie. [The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: First results in a normal Dutch population]. Gedragstherapie, 30, 121–128.

Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2001). Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 353–357.PubMedCrossRef

Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 1–8.PubMedCrossRef

Watkins, E., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, R. M. (2000). Decentering and distraction reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression. Psychological Medicine, 30, 911–920.PubMedCrossRef

Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34–52.PubMedCrossRef

Wegner, D. M., & Wenzlaff, R. M. (1996). Mental control. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 466–492). New York: Guilford Press.

Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (1998). Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1559–1571.PubMedCrossRef

Wenzlaff, R. M., & Luxton, D. D. (2003). The role of thought suppression in depressive rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 293–308.CrossRef

Wenzlaff, R. M., Rude, S. S., Taylor, C. J., Stultz, C. H., & Sweatt, R. A. (2001). Beneath the veil of thought suppression: Attentional bias and depression risk. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 435–548.CrossRef

Wyer R. S. Jr. (Ed.) (1996). Ruminative thoughts: Advances in social cognition (Vol. IX). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Titel: A “Triple W”-Model of Rumination on Sadness: Why Am I Feeling Sad, What’s the Meaning of My Sadness, and Wish I Could Stop Thinking About my Sadness (But I Can’t!)
Auteurs: Filip Raes
Dirk Hermans
J. Mark G. Williams
Patricia Bijttebier
Paul Eelen
Publicatiedatum: 01-08-2008
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2008
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-007-9137-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2008

Introduction to Special Issue on Rumination: From Mechanisms to Treatment

Responses to Positive Affect: A Self-Report Measure of Rumination and Dampening

Rumination and Worry: Factor Analysis of Self-Report Measures in Depressed Participants

Rumination in Interpersonal Relationships: Does Co-rumination Explain Gender Differences in Emotional Distress and Relationship Satisfaction Among College Students?

Executive Function Deficits, Rumination and Late-Onset Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults

Dispositional Rumination in Individuals with a Depression History