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Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 5/2014

01-09-2014 | Original Article

A role for recency of response conflict in producing the bivalency effect

Auteurs: John G. Grundy, Judith M. Shedden

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 5/2014

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Abstract

The bivalency effect is a block-wise response slowing that is observed during task-switching when rare stimuli that cue two tasks (bivalent stimuli) are encountered. This adjustment in response style affects all trials that follow bivalent stimuli, including those trials that do not share any features with bivalent stimuli. However, the specific stimulus and response properties that trigger the bivalency effect are not well understood. In typical bivalency effect experiments, bivalent stimuli can be congruent or incongruent with respect to the response afforded by the irrelevant stimulus feature, and this distinction has never been examined. In the present study, we show that cognitive load defined by the response incongruence on bivalent trials plays a critical role in producing the subsequent response slowing observed in the bivalency effect, as well as maintaining the magnitude of the bivalency effect across practice. We propose that the bivalency effect reflects a process involved in predicting future cognitive load based on recent cognitive load experience. This is in line with a recent proposal for a role of the ACC in monitoring ongoing changes in the environment to optimize future performance (Sheth et al., in Nature 488:218–221, 2012).
Voetnoten
1
Response congruency can be examined for experiments that involve manual responses for all tasks, but not for experiments in which a verbal response is required (e.g. Woodward et al., 2003).
 
2
We also analyzed our data after removing the first 3 trials following bivalent stimuli to reduce the contribution of an orienting response (cf. Rey-Mermet et al., 2013) to our congruency results. There was a significant effect of congruency (p < 0.001) with no effect of block pair (p > 0.05) or interaction (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the congruent bivalency effect was no longer present for any of the block pairs (all ps > 0.05), strengthening support for our congruency hypothesis. The incongruent bivalency effect was present throughout the entire experiment (all ps < 0.05).
 
3
Like experiment 1A, we reanalyzed our data after removing the first three trials following bivalent stimuli to remove orienting responses. There was again a significant effect of congruency (p < 0.001), and an effect of block pair (p < 0.01). The congruent bivalency effect was present for the first block pair (p < 0.01) but not later block pairs (both ps > 0.05), consistent with the results presented herein. The incongruent bivalency effect was more resistant to practice; it was present across all blocks pair comparisons (all ps < 0.05).
 
4
Like experiments 1A and 1B, we reanalyzed our data after removing the first three trials following bivalent stimuli to remove orienting responses. There was again a significant effect of congruency (p < 0.001), and an effect of block pair (p < 0.01). The congruent bivalency effect was present for the first block pair (p < 0.01) but not later block pairs (both ps > 0.05), consistent with the results presented herein. The incongruent bivalency effect was present throughout the entire experiment (all ps < 0.05).
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
A role for recency of response conflict in producing the bivalency effect
Auteurs
John G. Grundy
Judith M. Shedden
Publicatiedatum
01-09-2014
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 5/2014
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-013-0520-x

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