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01-12-2013 | Review | Uitgave 1/2013 Open Access

A review of the foot function index and the foot function index – revised

Tijdschrift:: Journal of Foot and Ankle Research > Uitgave 1/2013

Auteurs:: Elly Budiman-Mak, Kendon J Conrad, Jessica Mazza, Rodney M Stuck

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Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1757-1146-6-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

EBM, KJC, have contributed in drawing the concept and design of this paper, EBM initiated the literature search, reviewed, scrutinized them, and collected the abstracts and organized into tables. KJC, RMS and JM reviewed the tables and all authors participated in drafting the manuscript. KJC and JM also reanalyzed the original FFI-R data and revised the subscales and FFI-R response categories. All authors participated in revising the manuscript and have given final approval of the version to be published.

Abstract

Background

The Foot Function Index (FFI) is a self-report, foot-specific instrument measuring pain and disability and has been widely used to measure foot health for over twenty years. A revised FFI (FFI-R) was developed in response to criticism of the FFI. The purpose of this review was to assess the uses of FFI and FFI-R as were reported in medical and surgical literature and address the suggestions found in the literature to improve the metrics of FFI-R.

Methods

A systematic literature search of PubMed/Medline and Embase databases from October 1991 through December 2010 comprised the main sources of literature. To enrich the bibliography, the search was extended to BioMedLib and Scopus search engines and manual search methods. Search terms included FFI, FFI scores, FFI-R. Requirements included abstracts/full length articles, English-language publications, and articles containing the term "foot complaints/problems." Articles selected were scrutinized; EBM abstracted data from literature and collected into tables designed for this review. EBM analyzed tables, KJC, JM, RMS reviewed and confirmed table contents. KJC and JM reanalyzed the original database of FFI-R to improve metrics.

Results

Seventy-eight articles qualified for this review, abstracts were compiled into 12 tables. FFI and FFI-R were used in studies of foot and ankle disorders in 4700 people worldwide. FFI Full scale or the Subscales and FFI-R were used as outcome measures in various studies; new instruments were developed based on FFI subscales. FFI Full scale was adapted/translated into other cultures. FFI and FFI-R psychometric properties are reported in this review. Reanalysis of FFI-R subscales' confirmed unidimensionality, and the FFI-R questionnaires' response categories were edited into four responses for ease of use.

Conclusion

This review was limited to articles published in English in the past twenty years. FFI is used extensively worldwide; this instrument pioneered a quantifiable measure of foot health, and thus has shifted the paradigm of outcome measure to subjective, patient-centered, valid, reliable and responsive hard data endpoints. Edited FFI-R into four response categories will enhance its user friendliness for measuring foot health.

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Additional file 1: Revised FOOT FUNCTION INDEX (FFI-R).(DOCX 24 KB)

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Additional file 2: Revised FOOT FUNCTION INDEX (FFI-R) Short Form. (DOCX 22 KB)

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Authors’ original file for figure 1

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Authors’ original file for figure 2

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Authors’ original file for figure 3

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Titel: A review of the foot function index and the foot function index – revised
Auteurs:: Elly Budiman-Mak
Kendon J Conrad
Jessica Mazza
Rodney M Stuck
Publicatiedatum: 01-12-2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-6-5
Uitgeverij: BioMed Central
Tijdschrift: Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
Uitgave 1/2013
Elektronisch ISSN: 1757-1146

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