Skip to main content
Top

2011 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

3 Gewichtsverlies

Auteurs : H. de Vries, V.J.F. van Gool, J.F. Bastiaans, F.J. van Ittersum

Gepubliceerd in: Diagnostiek van alledaagse klachten

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

Onbedoeld gewichtsverlies wordt veelal als pathologisch beschouwd indien het meer dan 5% van het uitgangsgewicht betreft, ontstaan in zes maanden. De oorzaken variëren van ernstige organische aandoeningen (bijv. maligniteiten, infecties, endocriene afwijkingen, malabsorptiesyndromen) tot psychiatrische stoornissen, waaronder depressie het vaakst gevonden wordt als oorzaak bij ouderen in de huisartspraktijk. Incidenteel wordt een anorexia nervosa vastgesteld. Er zijn bijzonder weinig onderzoeksgegevens beschikbaar over de diagnostiek in eerstelijnspopulaties. In een aantal gevallen kan het gewichtsverlies aan een reeds bekende aandoening worden toegeschreven. De huisarts wordt naar schatting minstens eenmaal per maand geconfronteerd met gewichtsverlies als contactreden voor een nieuwe ziekte-episode.
Een systematische anamnese gericht op de factoren die van invloed zijn op het lichaamsgewicht (inname, opname, verbruik, verlies) levert de belangrijkste bijdrage aan de diagnostiek. Er zijn aanwijzingen dat een algeheel lichamelijk onderzoek zinvol is. De meeste auteurs bevelen verder screenend bloed- en urineonderzoek aan.
Wat aanvullend onderzoek betreft, zijn er argumenten om bij ouderen een X-thorax aan te vragen. Verdergaand specialistisch onderzoek dat zonder aanwijzingen uit de anamnese of het lichamelijk onderzoek wordt gedaan, wordt niet zinvol geacht, zodat een afwachtend beleid gevoerd kan worden indien de hier genoemde onderzoeken geen afwijkingen opleverden.
Aan specifieke oorzaken van gewichtsverlies bij ouderen (o.a. onvoldoende zorg, dementie, slikproblemen, maligniteiten, ernstige orgaandisfunctie en medicatie) dient aandacht besteed te worden.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Meltzer AA, Everhart JE. Unintentional weight loss in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:1039-46. Meltzer AA, Everhart JE. Unintentional weight loss in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:1039-46.
2.
go back to reference French SA, Jeffery RW, Folson AR, et al. History of intentional and unintentional weight loss in a population-based sample of women aged 55 to 69 years. Obes Res 1995;3:163-70. French SA, Jeffery RW, Folson AR, et al. History of intentional and unintentional weight loss in a population-based sample of women aged 55 to 69 years. Obes Res 1995;3:163-70.
3.
go back to reference Wannamathee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, et al. Characteristics of older men who lose weight intentionally or unintentionally. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:667-75. Wannamathee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, et al. Characteristics of older men who lose weight intentionally or unintentionally. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:667-75.
4.
go back to reference Reife CM. Weight loss. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, et al. (eds). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Reife CM. Weight loss. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, et al. (eds). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
5.
go back to reference Bouras EP, Lange SM, Scolapio JS. Rational approach to patients with unintentional weight loss. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:923-9. Bouras EP, Lange SM, Scolapio JS. Rational approach to patients with unintentional weight loss. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:923-9.
6.
go back to reference Drossman DA. Approach to the patient with unexplained weight loss. In: Yamada T, Alpers DH, Owyang C, et al. (eds). Textbook of gastroenterology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1991:634-46. Drossman DA. Approach to the patient with unexplained weight loss. In: Yamada T, Alpers DH, Owyang C, et al. (eds). Textbook of gastroenterology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1991:634-46.
7.
go back to reference Marton KI, Sox HC Jr., Krupp JR. Involuntary weight loss: Diagnostic and prognostic significance. Ann Int Med 1981;95:568-74. Marton KI, Sox HC Jr., Krupp JR. Involuntary weight loss: Diagnostic and prognostic significance. Ann Int Med 1981;95:568-74.
8.
go back to reference Rabinovitz M, Pitlik SD, Leifer M, et al. Unintentional weight loss: A retrospective analysis of 154 cases. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:186-7. Rabinovitz M, Pitlik SD, Leifer M, et al. Unintentional weight loss: A retrospective analysis of 154 cases. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:186-7.
9.
go back to reference Fischer J, Johnson MA. Low body weight and weight loss in the aged. J Am Diet Ass 1990;90:1697-1706. Fischer J, Johnson MA. Low body weight and weight loss in the aged. J Am Diet Ass 1990;90:1697-1706.
10.
go back to reference Wannamathee SG, Shaper AG. Weight change, perceived health status and mortality in middle-aged British men. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:910-3. Wannamathee SG, Shaper AG. Weight change, perceived health status and mortality in middle-aged British men. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:910-3.
11.
go back to reference Thompson MP, Morris LK. Unexplained weight loss in the ambulatory elderly. J Am Ger Soc 1991;39:497-500. Thompson MP, Morris LK. Unexplained weight loss in the ambulatory elderly. J Am Ger Soc 1991;39:497-500.
12.
go back to reference Morley JE. Nutritional status of the elderly. Am J Med 1986;81:679-95. Morley JE. Nutritional status of the elderly. Am J Med 1986;81:679-95.
13.
go back to reference Muris JWM, Starmans R, Fijten GH, et al. Non-acute abdominal complaints in general practice: Diagnostic value of signs and symptoms. Br J Gen Pract 1995;45:313-6. Muris JWM, Starmans R, Fijten GH, et al. Non-acute abdominal complaints in general practice: Diagnostic value of signs and symptoms. Br J Gen Pract 1995;45:313-6.
14.
go back to reference Wallace JI, Schwartz RS, LaCroix AZ, et al. Involuntary weight loss in older outpatients: Incidence and clinical significance. J Am Ger Soc 1995;432:329-37. Wallace JI, Schwartz RS, LaCroix AZ, et al. Involuntary weight loss in older outpatients: Incidence and clinical significance. J Am Ger Soc 1995;432:329-37.
15.
go back to reference Beck ER, Francis JL, Souhami RL. Tutorials in differential diagnosis. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992. Beck ER, Francis JL, Souhami RL. Tutorials in differential diagnosis. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.
16.
go back to reference Horst HE van der, Meijer JS, Muris JWM, et al. NHG-Standaard Prikkelbare darm syndroom. Huisarts Wet 2001;44:58-65. Horst HE van der, Meijer JS, Muris JWM, et al. NHG-Standaard Prikkelbare darm syndroom. Huisarts Wet 2001;44:58-65.
17.
go back to reference Alibhai SMH, Greenwood C, Payette H. An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people. CMAJ 2005;172:773-80. Alibhai SMH, Greenwood C, Payette H. An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people. CMAJ 2005;172:773-80.
18.
go back to reference Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Serdula MK, et al. Weight loss and subsequent death in a cohort of U.S. adults. Ann Int Med 1993;119:744-8. Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Serdula MK, et al. Weight loss and subsequent death in a cohort of U.S. adults. Ann Int Med 1993;119:744-8.
19.
go back to reference Yaari S, Goldbourt U. Voluntary and involuntary weight loss: associations with long term mortality in 9,228 middle-aged and elderly men. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:546-55. Yaari S, Goldbourt U. Voluntary and involuntary weight loss: associations with long term mortality in 9,228 middle-aged and elderly men. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:546-55.
20.
go back to reference Reife CM. Involuntary weight loss. Med Clin N Am 1995;79:299-313. Reife CM. Involuntary weight loss. Med Clin N Am 1995;79:299-313.
21.
go back to reference Bauer DC, Browner W, Cauley JA, et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Int Med 1993;118:657-65. Bauer DC, Browner W, Cauley JA, et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Int Med 1993;118:657-65.
22.
go back to reference Langlois JA, Harris T, Looker AC, et al. Weight change between age 50 years and old age is associated with risk of hip fracture in white women aged 67 years and older. Arch Intern Med 1997;156:989-94. Langlois JA, Harris T, Looker AC, et al. Weight change between age 50 years and old age is associated with risk of hip fracture in white women aged 67 years and older. Arch Intern Med 1997;156:989-94.
23.
go back to reference Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Lipschutz R, et al. Weight change and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:857-63. Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Lipschutz R, et al. Weight change and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:857-63.
24.
go back to reference Launer LJ, Harris T, Rumpel C, et al. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle-aged and older women: The epidemiologic follow-up study of NHANES I. J Am Med Assoc 1994;271:1093-8. Launer LJ, Harris T, Rumpel C, et al. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle-aged and older women: The epidemiologic follow-up study of NHANES I. J Am Med Assoc 1994;271:1093-8.
25.
go back to reference Nogues R, Sitges-Serra A, Sancho JJ, et al. Influence of nutrition, thyroid hormones, and rectal temperature on in-hospital mortality of elderly patients with acute illness. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:597-602. Nogues R, Sitges-Serra A, Sancho JJ, et al. Influence of nutrition, thyroid hormones, and rectal temperature on in-hospital mortality of elderly patients with acute illness. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:597-602.
26.
go back to reference Sullivan DH, Walls RC, Bopp MM. Protein-energy undernutrition and the risk of mortality within one year of hospital discharge: A follow-up study. J Am Ger Soc 1995;43:509-12. Sullivan DH, Walls RC, Bopp MM. Protein-energy undernutrition and the risk of mortality within one year of hospital discharge: A follow-up study. J Am Ger Soc 1995;43:509-12.
27.
go back to reference Okkes IM, Oskam SK, Lamberts H. Van klacht naar diagnose. Episodegegevens uit de huisartspraktijk. Bussum: Coutinho, 1998. Okkes IM, Oskam SK, Lamberts H. Van klacht naar diagnose. Episodegegevens uit de huisartspraktijk. Bussum: Coutinho, 1998.
28.
go back to reference Lamberts H. In het huis van de huisarts. Verslag van het Transitieproject. Lelystad: Meditekst, 1991. Lamberts H. In het huis van de huisarts. Verslag van het Transitieproject. Lelystad: Meditekst, 1991.
30.
go back to reference Williamson DF. Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults. Ann Int Med 1993;119:646-9. Williamson DF. Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults. Ann Int Med 1993;119:646-9.
31.
go back to reference Sullivan DH, Martin W, Flaxman N, et al. Oral health problems and involuntary weight loss in a population of frail elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:725-31. Sullivan DH, Martin W, Flaxman N, et al. Oral health problems and involuntary weight loss in a population of frail elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:725-31.
32.
go back to reference Vandereycken W. Eetstoornissen. In: Vandereycken W, Hoogduin CAL, Emmelkamp PGM (eds). Handboek psychopathologie. Deel 1. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 1990. Vandereycken W. Eetstoornissen. In: Vandereycken W, Hoogduin CAL, Emmelkamp PGM (eds). Handboek psychopathologie. Deel 1. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 1990.
33.
go back to reference Rijn CA van. Anorexia nervosa en boulimia nervosa. II Somatische gevolgen van ondervoeding. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:1863-6. Rijn CA van. Anorexia nervosa en boulimia nervosa. II Somatische gevolgen van ondervoeding. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:1863-6.
34.
go back to reference Hoek HW, Furth EF van. Anorexia nervosa en boulimia nervosa. I Diagnostiek en behandeling. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:1859-63. Hoek HW, Furth EF van. Anorexia nervosa en boulimia nervosa. I Diagnostiek en behandeling. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:1859-63.
35.
go back to reference Sullivan PF. Mortality in anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1073-4. Sullivan PF. Mortality in anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1073-4.
36.
go back to reference Nielsen S, Moller-Madsen S, Isager T, et al. Standardized mortality in eating disorders – a quantitative summary of previously published and new evidence. J Psychosom Res 1998;44:413-34. Nielsen S, Moller-Madsen S, Isager T, et al. Standardized mortality in eating disorders – a quantitative summary of previously published and new evidence. J Psychosom Res 1998;44:413-34.
37.
go back to reference Leduc D, Rouge PE, Rousset H, et al. Clinical study of 105 cases of isolated weight loss in internal medicine. Rev Med Interne 1988;9:480-6. Leduc D, Rouge PE, Rousset H, et al. Clinical study of 105 cases of isolated weight loss in internal medicine. Rev Med Interne 1988;9:480-6.
38.
go back to reference Huerta G, Viniegra L. Involuntary weight loss as a clinical problem. Rev Invest Clin 1989;41:5-9. Huerta G, Viniegra L. Involuntary weight loss as a clinical problem. Rev Invest Clin 1989;41:5-9.
39.
go back to reference Lankisch P, Gerzmann M, Gerzmann JF, et al. Unintentional weight loss: diagnosis and prognosis. The first prospective follow-up study from a secondary referral centre. J Intern Med 2001;249:41-6. Lankisch P, Gerzmann M, Gerzmann JF, et al. Unintentional weight loss: diagnosis and prognosis. The first prospective follow-up study from a secondary referral centre. J Intern Med 2001;249:41-6.
40.
go back to reference Morley JE, Kraenzle D. Causes of weight loss in a community nursing home. J Am Ger Soc 1994;42:583-5. Morley JE, Kraenzle D. Causes of weight loss in a community nursing home. J Am Ger Soc 1994;42:583-5.
41.
go back to reference Egbert AM. The dwindles: failure to thrive in older patients. Nutr Rev 1996;54:S25-30. Egbert AM. The dwindles: failure to thrive in older patients. Nutr Rev 1996;54:S25-30.
42.
go back to reference Wallace JI, Schwartz RS. Involuntary weight loss in elderly outpatients. Clin Geriatr 1997;13:717-35. Wallace JI, Schwartz RS. Involuntary weight loss in elderly outpatients. Clin Geriatr 1997;13:717-35.
43.
go back to reference Gazewood JD, Mehr DR. Diagnosis and management of weight loss in the elderly. J Fam Pract 1998;47:19-25. Gazewood JD, Mehr DR. Diagnosis and management of weight loss in the elderly. J Fam Pract 1998;47:19-25.
44.
go back to reference Moriguti JC, Moriguti EK, Ferriolli E, et al. Involuntary weight loss in elderly individuals: assessment and treatment. Sao Paulo Med 2001;119:72-7. Moriguti JC, Moriguti EK, Ferriolli E, et al. Involuntary weight loss in elderly individuals: assessment and treatment. Sao Paulo Med 2001;119:72-7.
45.
go back to reference Holdcroft C. Evaluating involuntary weight loss in older adults. Nurse Practitioner; Am J Prim Health Care 1988;13:9-11, 14-15. Holdcroft C. Evaluating involuntary weight loss in older adults. Nurse Practitioner; Am J Prim Health Care 1988;13:9-11, 14-15.
46.
go back to reference Robbins LJ. Evaluation of weight loss in the elderly. Geriatrics 1989;44(31):4, 37. Robbins LJ. Evaluation of weight loss in the elderly. Geriatrics 1989;44(31):4, 37.
47.
go back to reference Schwenk A. Was ist zu tun bei unklarem Gewichtsverlust? Med Klin 1998;93:719-25. Schwenk A. Was ist zu tun bei unklarem Gewichtsverlust? Med Klin 1998;93:719-25.
48.
go back to reference Wise GR, Craig D. Evaluation of involuntary weight loss. Where do you start? Postgrad Med 1994;95:143-50. Wise GR, Craig D. Evaluation of involuntary weight loss. Where do you start? Postgrad Med 1994;95:143-50.
49.
go back to reference Hernandez JL, Matorras P, Riancho JA, et al. Involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms: a clinical prediction score for malignant neoplasm. QJM 2003;96:649-55. Hernandez JL, Matorras P, Riancho JA, et al. Involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms: a clinical prediction score for malignant neoplasm. QJM 2003;96:649-55.
50.
go back to reference Hernandez JL, Riancho JA, Matorras P, et al. Clinical evaluation for cancer in patients with involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms. Am J Med 2003;114:631-7. Hernandez JL, Riancho JA, Matorras P, et al. Clinical evaluation for cancer in patients with involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms. Am J Med 2003;114:631-7.
51.
go back to reference Leusden HAIM van. Diagnostisch kompas. Amstelveen: College voor zorgverzekeringen, 2003. Leusden HAIM van. Diagnostisch kompas. Amstelveen: College voor zorgverzekeringen, 2003.
52.
go back to reference Hayabuchi N, Russell WJ, Murakami J, et al. Screening for lung cancer in a fixed population by biennial chest radiography. Radiology 1983;148:369-73. Hayabuchi N, Russell WJ, Murakami J, et al. Screening for lung cancer in a fixed population by biennial chest radiography. Radiology 1983;148:369-73.
53.
go back to reference Muhm JR, Miller WE, Fontana RS, et al. Lung cancer detected during a screening program using four-month chest radiographs. Radiology 1983;148:609-15. Muhm JR, Miller WE, Fontana RS, et al. Lung cancer detected during a screening program using four-month chest radiographs. Radiology 1983;148:609-15.
Metagegevens
Titel
3 Gewichtsverlies
Auteurs
H. de Vries
V.J.F. van Gool
J.F. Bastiaans
F.J. van Ittersum
Copyright
2011
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-8364-1_4