Skip to main content
Top

2011 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

1 Duizeligheid

Auteurs : G.A.F. Saes, O.R. Maarsingh, H. de Vries, R.A.M. de Jonckheere, K.F. Plantenga

Gepubliceerd in: Diagnostiek van alledaagse klachten

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

Duizeligheid is voor arts en patiënt een vage klacht. Voor de patiënt is ongerustheid regelmatig een aanleiding voor een bezoek aan de arts. Vooral de anamnese is behulpzaam bij een indeling in een diagnostische categorie. Zeer zelden is er sprake van een ernstige aandoening die verwijzing nodig maakt. Duizeligheid bij de huisarts is geen typisch KNO-probleem, zoals vaak gedacht wordt; het meest komen ouderen met presyncope of bewegingsonzekerheid voor. Bij de diagnostiek gaat men uit van het type van de duizeligheid en het beloop. Is er sprake van een echte bewegingssensatie, zoals draaiduizeligheid, dan is het evenwichtsorgaan dikwijls de bron van de klacht. Als het daarbij gaat om een acute, heftige en langerdurende draaiduizeligheid, dan is de oorzaak de ziekte van Ménière, neuritis vestibularis of een CVA. Bij herhaalde, korte aanvallen gaat het dikwijls om een benigne paroxismale positieveranderingsduizeligheid. Vaak vormt de aanleiding de sleutel voor de diagnose: provocatie van klachten door opstaan (orthostase), bij opstaan en gaan lopen (desequilibrium), bij schrik of pijn (vasovagale collaps) of bij inspanning (hartaandoening?).
Een licht gevoel in het hoofd kan vrijwel continu zijn (angststoornis, medicatiegebruik). Bij vertigo wordt vaak de dix-hallpiketest aanbevolen. Of die iets toevoegt aan de anamnese bij het stellen van de diagnose BPPD is niet zeker.
Indien geen duidelijke diagnose gesteld kan worden, is het zinvol ervan uit te gaan dat verschillende oorzaken een bijdrage aan de klacht kunnen leveren. Nalopen van enkele factoren die te verbeteren zijn, lijkt dan de beste tactiek. Daartoe behoren medicatiegebruik, visus, gehoor, mobiliteit en psychische status (angst, depressie).
Alarmsignalen zijn vooral langdurige, eenzijdige duizeligheid en gehoorverlies (acusticusneurinoom) en neurologische symptomen zoals diplopie, dysartrie, ataxie of parese (aandoeningen cerebellum of hersenstam).
Vooral bij ouderen is een centrale oorzaak mogelijk. Het is zinvol daarbij niet klakkeloos uit te gaan van atherosclerose als oorzaak, maar alleen objectiveerbare aandoeningen als oorzaak te accepteren.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Linden MW van der, Westert GP, Bakker D de, et al. Tweede Nationale Studie naar ziekten en verrichtingen in de huisartspraktijk: klachten en aandoeningen in de bevolking en in de huisartspraktijk. Utrecht: Nivel, 2004. Linden MW van der, Westert GP, Bakker D de, et al. Tweede Nationale Studie naar ziekten en verrichtingen in de huisartspraktijk: klachten en aandoeningen in de bevolking en in de huisartspraktijk. Utrecht: Nivel, 2004.
2.
go back to reference Kroenke K, Price RK. Symptoms in the community. Prevalence, classification, and psychiatric comorbidity. Arch Intern Med 1993 November 8;153(21):2474-80. Kroenke K, Price RK. Symptoms in the community. Prevalence, classification, and psychiatric comorbidity. Arch Intern Med 1993 November 8;153(21):2474-80.
3.
go back to reference Neuhauser HK, Radtke A, Brevern M von, Lezius F, Feldmann M, Lempert T. Burden of dizziness and vertigo in the community. Arch Intern Med 2008 October 27;168(19):2118-24. Neuhauser HK, Radtke A, Brevern M von, Lezius F, Feldmann M, Lempert T. Burden of dizziness and vertigo in the community. Arch Intern Med 2008 October 27;168(19):2118-24.
4.
go back to reference Tamber AL, Bruusgaard D. Self-reported faintness or dizziness – comorbidity and use of medicines. An epidemiological study. Scand J Public Health 2009 August;37(6):613-20. Tamber AL, Bruusgaard D. Self-reported faintness or dizziness – comorbidity and use of medicines. An epidemiological study. Scand J Public Health 2009 August;37(6):613-20.
5.
go back to reference Wiltink J, Tschan R, Michal M et al. Dizziness: anxiety, health care utilization and health behavior – results from a representative German community survey. J Psychosom Res 2009 May;66(5):417-24. Wiltink J, Tschan R, Michal M et al. Dizziness: anxiety, health care utilization and health behavior – results from a representative German community survey. J Psychosom Res 2009 May;66(5):417-24.
6.
go back to reference Yardley L, Owen N, Nazareth I, Luxon L. Prevalence and presentation of dizziness in a general practice community sample of working age people. Br J Gen Pract 1998 April;48(429):1131-5. Yardley L, Owen N, Nazareth I, Luxon L. Prevalence and presentation of dizziness in a general practice community sample of working age people. Br J Gen Pract 1998 April;48(429):1131-5.
7.
go back to reference Colledge NR, Wilson JA, Macintyre CC, MacLennan WJ. The prevalence and characteristics of dizziness in an elderly community. Age Ageing 1994 March;23(2):117-20. Colledge NR, Wilson JA, Macintyre CC, MacLennan WJ. The prevalence and characteristics of dizziness in an elderly community. Age Ageing 1994 March;23(2):117-20.
8.
go back to reference Gassmann KG, Rupprecht R. Dizziness in an older community dwelling population: a multifactorial syndrome. J Nutr Health Aging 2009 March;13(3):278-82. Gassmann KG, Rupprecht R. Dizziness in an older community dwelling population: a multifactorial syndrome. J Nutr Health Aging 2009 March;13(3):278-82.
9.
go back to reference Jonsson R, Sixt E, Landahl S, Rosenhall U. Prevalence of dizziness and vertigo in an urban elderly population. J Vestib Res 2004;14(1):47-52. Jonsson R, Sixt E, Landahl S, Rosenhall U. Prevalence of dizziness and vertigo in an urban elderly population. J Vestib Res 2004;14(1):47-52.
10.
go back to reference Sloane P, Blazer D, George LK. Dizziness in a community elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989 February;37(2):101-8. Sloane P, Blazer D, George LK. Dizziness in a community elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989 February;37(2):101-8.
11.
go back to reference Kruschinski C, Kersting M, Breull A, Kochen MM, Koschack J, Hummers-Pradier E. [Frequency of dizziness-related diagnoses and prescriptions in a general practice database]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2008;102(5):313-9. Kruschinski C, Kersting M, Breull A, Kochen MM, Koschack J, Hummers-Pradier E. [Frequency of dizziness-related diagnoses and prescriptions in a general practice database]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2008;102(5):313-9.
12.
go back to reference Sloane PD. Dizziness in primary care. Results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. J Fam Pract 1989 July;29(1):33-8. Sloane PD. Dizziness in primary care. Results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. J Fam Pract 1989 July;29(1):33-8.
13.
go back to reference Maarsingh OR, Dros J, Schellevis FG, Weert HC van, Bindels PJ, Horst HE van der. Dizziness reported by elderly patients in family practice: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics. BMC Fam Pract 2010 January 11;11(1):2. Maarsingh OR, Dros J, Schellevis FG, Weert HC van, Bindels PJ, Horst HE van der. Dizziness reported by elderly patients in family practice: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics. BMC Fam Pract 2010 January 11;11(1):2.
14.
go back to reference Simon NM, Pollack MD, Tuby KS, Stern ThA. Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1998;10:75-80. Simon NM, Pollack MD, Tuby KS, Stern ThA. Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1998;10:75-80.
15.
go back to reference Bailey KE, Sloane PD, Mitchell M, Preisser J. Which primary care patients with dizziness will develop persistent impairment? Arch Fam Med 1993 August;2(8):847-52. Bailey KE, Sloane PD, Mitchell M, Preisser J. Which primary care patients with dizziness will develop persistent impairment? Arch Fam Med 1993 August;2(8):847-52.
16.
go back to reference Kroenke K, Lucas CA, Rosenberg ML, Scherokman BJ. Psychiatric disorders and functional impairment in patients with persistent dizziness. J Gen Intern Med 1993 October;8(10):530-5. Kroenke K, Lucas CA, Rosenberg ML, Scherokman BJ. Psychiatric disorders and functional impairment in patients with persistent dizziness. J Gen Intern Med 1993 October;8(10):530-5.
17.
go back to reference Okkes IM, Oskam SK, Lamberts H. Van klacht naar diagnose. Bussum: Coutinho, 1998. Okkes IM, Oskam SK, Lamberts H. Van klacht naar diagnose. Bussum: Coutinho, 1998.
18.
go back to reference Hoffman RM, Einstadter D, Kroenke K. Evaluating dizziness. Am J Med 1999 November;107(5):468-78. Hoffman RM, Einstadter D, Kroenke K. Evaluating dizziness. Am J Med 1999 November;107(5):468-78.
19.
go back to reference Colledge NR, Barr-Hamilton RM, Lewis SJ, Sellar RJ, Wilson JA. Evaluation of investigations to diagnose the cause of dizziness in elderly people: a community based controlled study. BMJ 1996;313(7060):788-92. Colledge NR, Barr-Hamilton RM, Lewis SJ, Sellar RJ, Wilson JA. Evaluation of investigations to diagnose the cause of dizziness in elderly people: a community based controlled study. BMJ 1996;313(7060):788-92.
20.
go back to reference Kroenke K, Lucas CA, Rosenberg ML, et al. Causes of persistent dizziness. A prospective study of 100 patients in ambulatory care. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(11):898-904. Kroenke K, Lucas CA, Rosenberg ML, et al. Causes of persistent dizziness. A prospective study of 100 patients in ambulatory care. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(11):898-904.
21.
go back to reference Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee. Assessment: electronystagmography. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee. Neurology 1996;46:1763-6. Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee. Assessment: electronystagmography. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee. Neurology 1996;46:1763-6.
22.
go back to reference Nazareth I, Yardley L, Owen N, Luxon L. Outcome of symptoms of dizziness in a general practice community sample. Fam Pract 1999 December;16(6):616-8. Nazareth I, Yardley L, Owen N, Luxon L. Outcome of symptoms of dizziness in a general practice community sample. Fam Pract 1999 December;16(6):616-8.
23.
go back to reference Lamberts H. In het huis van de huisarts. Verslag van het Transitieproject. Lelystad: Meditekst, 1994. Lamberts H. In het huis van de huisarts. Verslag van het Transitieproject. Lelystad: Meditekst, 1994.
24.
go back to reference Lawson J, Fitzgerald J. Birchall J, et al. Diagnosis of geriatric patients with severe dizziness. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:12-7. Lawson J, Fitzgerald J. Birchall J, et al. Diagnosis of geriatric patients with severe dizziness. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:12-7.
25.
go back to reference Verheij AAA, Weert HCPM van, Lubbers WJ, et al. NHG-Standaard Duizeligheid. Huisarts Wet 2002;45:601-9. Verheij AAA, Weert HCPM van, Lubbers WJ, et al. NHG-Standaard Duizeligheid. Huisarts Wet 2002;45:601-9.
26.
go back to reference Hornsveld HK. Farewell to the hyperventilation syndrome. Dissertatie. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1996. Hornsveld HK. Farewell to the hyperventilation syndrome. Dissertatie. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1996.
27.
go back to reference Drachman DA, Hart CW. An approach to the dizzy patient. Neurology 1972;22:323-34. Drachman DA, Hart CW. An approach to the dizzy patient. Neurology 1972;22:323-34.
28.
go back to reference Baloh RW, Yue Q, Socotch TM, Jacobson KM. White matter lesions and disequilibrium in older people. A case control comparison. Arch Neurol 1995;52:970-4. Baloh RW, Yue Q, Socotch TM, Jacobson KM. White matter lesions and disequilibrium in older people. A case control comparison. Arch Neurol 1995;52:970-4.
29.
go back to reference Smith PF, Darlington CL. A possible explanation for dizziness following SSRI discontinuation. Acta Otolaryngol 2010 Feb 10 [Epub ahead of print]. Smith PF, Darlington CL. A possible explanation for dizziness following SSRI discontinuation. Acta Otolaryngol 2010 Feb 10 [Epub ahead of print].
30.
go back to reference Sloane PD, Baloh RW. Persistent dizziness in geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989 November;37(11):1031-8. Sloane PD, Baloh RW. Persistent dizziness in geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989 November;37(11):1031-8.
31.
go back to reference Plas JPL van der, Tijssen CC. Benigne paroxysmale positieduizeligheid. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:2669-74. Plas JPL van der, Tijssen CC. Benigne paroxysmale positieduizeligheid. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:2669-74.
32.
go back to reference Koelliker P, Summers R, Hawkins B. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: Diagnosis and treatment in the emergency department – a review of the literature and discussion of Canalith-repositioning maneuvers. An Emerg Med 2001;37:392-8. Koelliker P, Summers R, Hawkins B. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: Diagnosis and treatment in the emergency department – a review of the literature and discussion of Canalith-repositioning maneuvers. An Emerg Med 2001;37:392-8.
33.
go back to reference Baloh RW. Vestibular neuritis. N Eng J Med 2003;348:1027-32. Baloh RW. Vestibular neuritis. N Eng J Med 2003;348:1027-32.
34.
go back to reference James AL, Burton MJ. Betahistine for Meniere’s disease or syndrome (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software;2001. James AL, Burton MJ. Betahistine for Meniere’s disease or syndrome (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software;2001.
35.
go back to reference Leusden HAIM van (red). Diagnostisch Kompas 2003. Amstelveen: College voor Zorgverzekeringen, 2003. Leusden HAIM van (red). Diagnostisch Kompas 2003. Amstelveen: College voor Zorgverzekeringen, 2003.
36.
go back to reference Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG et al. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope-update 2004. Europace 2004 November;6(6):467-537. Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG et al. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope-update 2004. Europace 2004 November;6(6):467-537.
37.
go back to reference Hackel A, Linzer M, Anderson N. Cardiovascular and cathecholamine responses to head-up tilt in the diagnosis of recurrent unexplained syncope in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:663-8. Hackel A, Linzer M, Anderson N. Cardiovascular and cathecholamine responses to head-up tilt in the diagnosis of recurrent unexplained syncope in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:663-8.
38.
go back to reference Kapoor W.N. Syncope. N Eng J Med 2000;343:1856-62. Kapoor W.N. Syncope. N Eng J Med 2000;343:1856-62.
39.
go back to reference Maarsingh OR, Dros J, Schellevis FG et al. Causes of persistent dizziness in elderly patients in primary care. Ann Fam Med 2010 May;8(3):196-205. Maarsingh OR, Dros J, Schellevis FG et al. Causes of persistent dizziness in elderly patients in primary care. Ann Fam Med 2010 May;8(3):196-205.
40.
go back to reference Sloane PD, Dallara J, Roach C, Bailey KE, Mitchell M, McNutt R. Management of dizziness in primary care. J Am Board Fam Pract 1994 January;7(1):1-8. Sloane PD, Dallara J, Roach C, Bailey KE, Mitchell M, McNutt R. Management of dizziness in primary care. J Am Board Fam Pract 1994 January;7(1):1-8.
41.
go back to reference Eckhardt-Henn A, Breuer P, Thomalske C, et al. Anxiety disorders and other psychiatric subgroups in patients complaining of dizziness. J Anxiety Disord 2003;17:369-88. Eckhardt-Henn A, Breuer P, Thomalske C, et al. Anxiety disorders and other psychiatric subgroups in patients complaining of dizziness. J Anxiety Disord 2003;17:369-88.
42.
go back to reference Terluin B, Heest FB van, Meer K van der, Neomagus GJH, Hekman J, Aulbers LPJ, Starreveld JS, Grol MH. NHG Standaard Angststoornissen. Huisarts Wet 2004;47:26-37. Terluin B, Heest FB van, Meer K van der, Neomagus GJH, Hekman J, Aulbers LPJ, Starreveld JS, Grol MH. NHG Standaard Angststoornissen. Huisarts Wet 2004;47:26-37.
43.
go back to reference Furman JM, Jacob RG. Psychiatric dizziness. Neurology 1997;48:1161-6. Furman JM, Jacob RG. Psychiatric dizziness. Neurology 1997;48:1161-6.
44.
go back to reference Asmundson GJG, Larsen DK, Stein MB. Panic disorder and vestibular disturbance: an overview of empirical findings and clinical implications. J Psychosom Res 1998;44:107-20. Asmundson GJG, Larsen DK, Stein MB. Panic disorder and vestibular disturbance: an overview of empirical findings and clinical implications. J Psychosom Res 1998;44:107-20.
45.
go back to reference Rascoll O, Hain TC, Brefel C, et al. Antivertigo medications and drug-induced vertigo. Drugs 50;5:777-91. Rascoll O, Hain TC, Brefel C, et al. Antivertigo medications and drug-induced vertigo. Drugs 50;5:777-91.
46.
go back to reference Pollak L. Awareness of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in central Israel. BMC Neurol 2009 Apr 22;9:17. Pollak L. Awareness of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in central Israel. BMC Neurol 2009 Apr 22;9:17.
47.
go back to reference Kruschinski C, Kersting M, Breull A, Kochen MM, Koschack J, Hummers-Pradier E. Frequency of dizziness-related diagnoses and prescriptions in a general practice database. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2008;102(5):313-9. Kruschinski C, Kersting M, Breull A, Kochen MM, Koschack J, Hummers-Pradier E. Frequency of dizziness-related diagnoses and prescriptions in a general practice database. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2008;102(5):313-9.
48.
go back to reference Simon NM, Pollack MD, Tuby KS, Stern ThA. Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1998;10:75-80. Simon NM, Pollack MD, Tuby KS, Stern ThA. Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1998;10:75-80.
49.
go back to reference Clark MR, Sullivan MD, Fischl M, et al. Symptoms as a clue to otologic and psychiatric diagnosis in patients with dizziness. J Psychosom Res 1994;38:461-70. Clark MR, Sullivan MD, Fischl M, et al. Symptoms as a clue to otologic and psychiatric diagnosis in patients with dizziness. J Psychosom Res 1994;38:461-70.
50.
go back to reference Oghalai JS, Manolidis S, Barth JL, et al. Unrecognized benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in elderly patients. Otolaryngol Head and Neck Chir 2000;122:630-4. Oghalai JS, Manolidis S, Barth JL, et al. Unrecognized benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in elderly patients. Otolaryngol Head and Neck Chir 2000;122:630-4.
51.
go back to reference Sloane PD, Hartman M, Mitchell CM. Psychological factors associated with chronic dizziness in patients aged 60 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 August;42(8):847-52. Sloane PD, Hartman M, Mitchell CM. Psychological factors associated with chronic dizziness in patients aged 60 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 August;42(8):847-52.
52.
go back to reference Wiener-Vacher SR. Vestibular disorders in children. Int J Audiol 2008 Sep;9:578-83. Wiener-Vacher SR. Vestibular disorders in children. Int J Audiol 2008 Sep;9:578-83.
53.
go back to reference Sloane PD, Coeytaux RR, Beck RS, Dallara J. Dizziness: State of the science. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:823-36. Sloane PD, Coeytaux RR, Beck RS, Dallara J. Dizziness: State of the science. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:823-36.
54.
go back to reference Hanley K, O’Dowd T. Symptoms of vertigo in general practice: a prospective study of diagnosis. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52:809-812. Hanley K, O’Dowd T. Symptoms of vertigo in general practice: a prospective study of diagnosis. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52:809-812.
55.
go back to reference Linstrom CJ. Office management of the dizzy patiënt. Otolaryngol Clinics North Am 1992;25:745-80. Linstrom CJ. Office management of the dizzy patiënt. Otolaryngol Clinics North Am 1992;25:745-80.
56.
go back to reference Newman-Toker DE, Cannon LM, Stofferahn ME, et al. Imprecision in patient reports of dizziness symptom quality: A cross-sectional study conducted in an acute care setting. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1329. Newman-Toker DE, Cannon LM, Stofferahn ME, et al. Imprecision in patient reports of dizziness symptom quality: A cross-sectional study conducted in an acute care setting. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1329.
57.
go back to reference Stanton VA, Hsieh YH, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Overreliance on symptom quality in diagnosing dizziness: results of a multicenter survey of emergency physicians. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1319. Stanton VA, Hsieh YH, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Overreliance on symptom quality in diagnosing dizziness: results of a multicenter survey of emergency physicians. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1319.
58.
go back to reference Baloh RW. Dizziness in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:713-21. Baloh RW. Dizziness in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:713-21.
59.
go back to reference Crevel H van, Hijdra A. Handleiding neurologisch onderzoek. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 1993:46-9. Crevel H van, Hijdra A. Handleiding neurologisch onderzoek. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 1993:46-9.
60.
go back to reference Dros J, Maarsingh OR, Horst HE van der, Bindels PJ, ter RG, Weert HC van. Tests used to diagnose dizziness in primary care. CMAJ 2010;11:2. Dros J, Maarsingh OR, Horst HE van der, Bindels PJ, ter RG, Weert HC van. Tests used to diagnose dizziness in primary care. CMAJ 2010;11:2.
61.
go back to reference Norre ME. Diagnostic problems in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 1994 November;104(11 Pt 1):1385-8. Norre ME. Diagnostic problems in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 1994 November;104(11 Pt 1):1385-8.
62.
go back to reference Cohen HS. Side-lying as an alternative to the Dix-Hallpike test of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol 2004 March;25(2):130-4. Cohen HS. Side-lying as an alternative to the Dix-Hallpike test of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol 2004 March;25(2):130-4.
63.
go back to reference Wertelaers A, Govaerts F. WVVH-aanbeveling voor goede medische praktijkvoering: Preventie van letsels ten gevolge van vallen bij 65-plussers. Berchem: WVVH, 2002. Wertelaers A, Govaerts F. WVVH-aanbeveling voor goede medische praktijkvoering: Preventie van letsels ten gevolge van vallen bij 65-plussers. Berchem: WVVH, 2002.
64.
go back to reference Podsialo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘up and go’ test: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. JAGS 2000;48(1):104-5. Podsialo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘up and go’ test: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. JAGS 2000;48(1):104-5.
65.
go back to reference Brinkman DMC, Kuipers-Upmeijer J, Oosterhuis HJGH. Kwantificering en evaluatie van 5 neurologische evenwichtstests bij proefpersonen en patiënten. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1996;140:2176-80. Brinkman DMC, Kuipers-Upmeijer J, Oosterhuis HJGH. Kwantificering en evaluatie van 5 neurologische evenwichtstests bij proefpersonen en patiënten. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1996;140:2176-80.
66.
go back to reference Kuipers-Upmeijer J, Oosterhuis HJGH. De proef van Unterberger niet bruikbaar om de vestibulaire functie te testen. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1994;138:136-9. Kuipers-Upmeijer J, Oosterhuis HJGH. De proef van Unterberger niet bruikbaar om de vestibulaire functie te testen. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1994;138:136-9.
67.
go back to reference Boulton J, Vinik A, Arezzo J et al. Diabetic neuropathies, a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005 April;28(4):956-62. Boulton J, Vinik A, Arezzo J et al. Diabetic neuropathies, a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005 April;28(4):956-62.
68.
go back to reference Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005 January 12;293(2):217-28. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005 January 12;293(2):217-28.
69.
go back to reference Persoons P, Luyckx K, Desloovere C, Vandenberghe J, Fischler B. Anxiety and mood disorders in otorhinolaryngology outpatients presenting with dizziness: validation of the self-administered PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire and epidemiology. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003 September;25(5):316-23. Persoons P, Luyckx K, Desloovere C, Vandenberghe J, Fischler B. Anxiety and mood disorders in otorhinolaryngology outpatients presenting with dizziness: validation of the self-administered PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire and epidemiology. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003 September;25(5):316-23.
70.
go back to reference Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA 1994 December 14;272(22):1749-56. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA 1994 December 14;272(22):1749-56.
Metagegevens
Titel
1 Duizeligheid
Auteurs
G.A.F. Saes
O.R. Maarsingh
H. de Vries
R.A.M. de Jonckheere
K.F. Plantenga
Copyright
2011
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-8364-1_2