Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2007

Perceived Ethnic Discrimination in Relation to Daily Moods and Negative Social Interactions

Auteurs: Risa Broudy, Elizabeth Brondolo, Vonetta Coakley, Nisha Brady, Andrea Cassells, Jonathan N. Tobin, Monica Sweeney

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Uitgave 1/2007

Abstract

Ethnic discrimination experienced in an interpersonal context has been identified as a stressor contributing to racial disparities in health. Exposure to racism may influence the way people view their ongoing experiences, making it more likely that individuals will appraise new situations as threatening and harmful, adding to their overall stress burden. A multiethnic sample of 113 adults completed a diary page every 30 min for one day. The diary inquired about moods and perceptions of social interactions. When controlling for personality characteristics, mixed models regression analyses indicated that baseline measures of ethnic discrimination (assessed with the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Scale-Community Version) were positively associated with daily levels of anger and the intensity of participants’ rating of routine social interactions as harassing, exclusionary, and unfair. These findings have implications for models of the contribution of psychosocial factors to racial disparities in health.

vorige artikel Physical Activity Behavior, Motivational Readiness and Self-Efficacy among Ontarians with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

volgende artikel Associations among Salivary Cortisol, Melatonin, Catecholamines, Sleep Quality and Stress in Women with Breast Cancer and Healthy Controls

There is little consensus on the best terms to use to distinguish among groups based on phenotypic or cultural characteristics, and both scientific and political factors influence the debate. Some groups (i.e., Blacks) have been considered ‘racial’ groups despite the lack of biological evidence for distinct races; whereas others (i.e., Latinos) are considered ethnic groups, but have also had their ethnicity referred to as a “race.” In this paper, we have chosen to use the terms “race” and “ethnicity” and “racism” and “ethnic discrimination” interchangeably. In addition, we used the term “African descent” because the Black sample included both US- and foreign-born participants.

As the initial analyses indicated that the primary differences in mood distinguished Whites from Blacks or Latinos, ethnicity was dummy coded as one variable (White) with two levels (yes or no).

Al-Issa, I., and Tousignant, M. (1997). Ethnicity, Immigration, and Psychopathology. Plenum Press, New York.

Anderson, N. B., and Armstead, C. A. (1995). Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: A new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom. Med. 57: 213–225.PubMed

Anderson, N. B., McNeilly, M., and Myers, H. (1991). Autonomic reactivity and hypertension in Blacks: A review and proposed model. Ethn. Dis. 1: 154–170.PubMed

Appel, R. (2004) Perceived ethnic discrimination and its association to ecological momentary assessment of daily interactions. Dissertation Abstr. Int. Section A: Humanit. Soc. Sci. 64: 2657.

Bagiella, E., Sloan, R., and Heitjan, D. M. (2000). Mixed-effects models in psychophysiology. Psychophysiology 37: 13–20.PubMedCrossRef

Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., and Dahlstrom, W. G. (1989). The Cook-Medley Hostility Scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosom. Med. 51: 46–57.PubMed

Bennett, G. G., Merritt, M. M., Edwards, C. L., and Sollers, J. J. (2004). Perceived racism and affective responses to ambiguous interpersonal interactions among African American men. Am. Behav. Sci. 47: 963–976.CrossRef

Bowen-Reid, T. L., and Harrell, J. P. (2002). Racist experiences and health outcomes: An examination of spirituality as a buffer. J. Black Psychol. 28: 18–36.

Brondolo, E., Karlin, W., Alexander, K., Bobrow, A., and Schwartz, J. (1999). Workday communication and ambulatory blood pressure: Implications for the reactivity hypothesis. Psychophysiology 36: 86.PubMedCrossRef

Brondolo, E., Kelly, K. P., Coakley, V., Gordon, T., Thompson, S., Levy, E., et al. (2005a). The Perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation of a community version. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 35(2): 335–365.CrossRef

Brondolo, E., Rieppi, R., Erickson, S. A., Bagiella, E., Shapiro, P. A., McKinley, P., et al. (2003a). Hostility, interpersonal interactions, and ambulatory blood pressure. Psychosom. Med. 65(6): 1003–1011.PubMedCrossRef

Brondolo, E., Rieppi, R., Kelly, K. P., and Gerin, W. (2003b). Perceived racism and blood pressure: A review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique. Annal. Behav. Med. 25(1): 55–65.CrossRef

Brondolo, E., Rosen, R. C., Kostis, J. B., and Schwartz, J. E. (1999b). Relationship of physical symptoms and mood to perceived and actual blood pressure in hypertensive men: A repeated-measures design. Psychosom. Med. 61(3): 311–318.PubMed

Brondolo, E., Thompson, S., Brady, N., Appel, R., Cassells, A. N., Tobin, J. N., et al. (2005b). The relationship of racism to appraisals and coping in a community sample. Ethn. Dis. 15: 5–10.

Burke, A. W. (1984). Racism and psychological disturbance among West Indians in Britain. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 30: 50–68.PubMed

Carter, J. H. (1994). Racism’s impact on mental health. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 86(7): 543–547.PubMed

Cassidy, C., O’Connor, R. C., Howe, C., and Warden, D. (2004). Perceived discrimination and psychological distress: The role of personal and ethnic self-esteem. J. Couns. Psychol. 51: 329–229.CrossRef

Chen, E., and Matthews, K. (2001). Cognitive appraisal biases: An approach to understanding the relation between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular reactivity in children. Annal. Behav. Med. 23(2): 101–111.CrossRef

Clark, R. (2000). Perceptions of interethnic group racism predict increased vascular reactivity to a laboratory challenge in college women. Annal. Behav. Med. 22(3): 214–222.CrossRef

Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., and Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. Am. Psychol. 54: 805–816.PubMedCrossRef

Collins, J. W., David, R. J., Handler, A., Wall, S., and Andes, S. (2004). Very low birthweight in African American infants: The role of maternal exposure to interpersonal racial discrimination. Am. J. Public Health 94(12): 2132–2139.PubMed

Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A., et al. (2001). Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well-being. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 31: 1775–1820.CrossRef

Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A., et al. (2000). Ethnicity-related sources of stress and their effects on well-being. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 9(4): 136–139.CrossRef

Contrada, R. J., and Jussim, L. (1992). What does the Cook-Medley hostility scale measure? In search of an adequate measurement model. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 22(8): 615–627.CrossRef

Crowne, D. P., and Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability I independent of psychopathology. J. Consult. Psychol. 24: 349–354.PubMedCrossRef

Din-Dzietham, R., Nembhard, W. N., Collins, R., and Davis, S. K. (2004). Perceived stress following race-based discrimination at work is associated with hypertension in African-Americans. The metro Atlanta heart disease study 1999–2001. Soc. Sci. Med. 58: 449–461.PubMedCrossRef

Essed, P. (1990). Everyday Racism: Reports from Women of Two Cultures. Hunter House Inc., Claremont, CA.

Essed, P. (1991). Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.

Feagin, J. R. (1991). The continuing significance of race: Antiblack discrimination in public places. Am. Sociol. Rev. 56: 101–116.CrossRef

Feagin, J. R., and Sikes, M. P. (1994). Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience. Beacon Press, Boston.

Gallo, L. C., Bogart, L. M., Vranceanu, A., and Matthews, K. A. (2005). Socioeconomic status, resources, psychological experiences, and emotional responses: A test of the Reserve Capacity Model. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88: 386–399.PubMedCrossRef

Gallo, L. C., and Matthews, K. (2003). Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role? Psychol. Bull. 129(1): 10–51.PubMedCrossRef

Gee, G. C. (2002). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am. J. Public Health 92(4): 615–623.PubMed

Gump, B. B., and Matthews, K. A. (1999). Do background stressors influence reactivity and recovery from acute stressors? J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 29: 469–494.CrossRef

Guyll, M., Matthews, K. A., and Bromberger, J. T. (2001). Discrimination and unfair treatment: Relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women. Health Psychol. 20(5): 315–325.PubMedCrossRef

Jackson, J. S., Brown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Torres, M., Sellers, S. S., and Brown, K. (1996). Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: A thirteen year national panel study. Ethn. Dis. 6: 132–147.PubMed

Jamner, L. D., Shapiro, D., Hui, K. K., Oakley, M. E., and Lovett, M. (1993). Hostility and differences between clinic, self-determined, and ambulatory blood pressure. Psychosom. Med. 55: 203–211.PubMed

Jamner, L. D., Shapiro, K., Goldstein, I. B., and Hug, R. (1991). Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in paramedics: Effects of cynical hostility and defensiveness. Psychosom. Med. 53: 393–406.PubMed

Kamarck, T. W., Schwartz, J. E., and Shiffman, S. (2005a). Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular risk: What is the role of daily experience? J. Pers. 73: 1749–1774.PubMedCrossRef

Kamarck, T. W., Schwartz, J. E., Shiffman, S., Muldoon, M. F., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., and Janicki, D. L. (2005b). Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular risk: What is the role of daily experience? J. Pers. 73: 1749–1774.PubMedCrossRef

Karlsen, S., and Nazroo, J. Y. (2002). Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. Am. J. Public Health 92: 624–631.PubMedCrossRef

Karlsen, S., Nazroo, J. Y., McKenzie, K., Bhhui, K., and Weich, S. (2005). Racism, psychosis, and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England. Psychol. Med. 35: 1–9.CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., and Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J. Health and Social Behav. 40(3): 208–230.CrossRef

Klonoff, E. A., and Landrine, H. (1999). Racial discrimination and psychiatric symptoms among Blacks. Cultur. Divers. Ethni. Minor. Psychol. 5: 329–339.CrossRef

Krieger, N. (1999). Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int. J. Health Serv. 29: 295–352.PubMedCrossRef

Landrine, H., and Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The Schedule of Racist Events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. J. Black Psychol. 22: 144–168.

Lazarus, R. S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress Appraisal and Coping. Springer, New York.

Littell, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W. W., and Wolfinger, R. D. (1996). SAS System for Mixed Models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

Lodge, M. (1965). Magnitude Estimation. Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA.

Louden, D. M. (1995). The epidemiology of schizophrenia among Caribbean-born and first-and second-generation migrants in Britain. J. Soc. Distress Homeless 4(3): 237–253.CrossRef

Lynch, J. J., Long, J. M., Thomas, S. A., et al. (1981). The effects of talking on blood pressure of hypertensive and normotensive indivivuals. Psychosom. Med. 43: 25–33.PubMed

Lynch, J. J. (1985). The Language of the Heart: The Body’s Response to Human Dialogue. Basic Books, New York.

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2000). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Strategic Plan to Address Health Disparities, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/plandisp.htm.

National Institute of Health. (2000). The Health of the Nation: Highlights of the Healthy People 2000 Goals:1995 Report on Progress [On-line]. from odphp.osophs.dhhs.gov/pubs/hp2000/pdf/midcours/midcours/midrvwl.pdf.

Noh, S., and Kaspar, V. (2003). Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am. J. Public Health 93: 232–238.PubMed

Ogbu, J. U. (2002). Cultural amplifiers of intelligence: IQ and minority status in cross-cultural perspective. In Fish, J. M. (Ed.), Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 241–278.

O’Grady, K. E. (1988). The Marlowe-Crowne and Edwards Social Desirability Scales: A psychometric perspective. Multivariate Behav. Res. 23: 87–101.CrossRef

Outlaw, F. H. (1993). Stress and coping: The influence of racism on the cognitive appraisal processing of African-Americans. Issues in Mental Health Nurs. 14: 399–409.

Phinney, J. S., Madden, T., and Santos, L. J. (1998). Psychological variables as predictors of perceived ethnic discrimination among minority and immigrant adolescents. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 28(11): 937–953.CrossRef

Ren, X. S., Amick, B. C., and Williams, D. R. (1999). Racial/ethnic disparities in health: The interplay between discrimination and socioeconomic status. Ethn. Dis. 9: 151–165.PubMed

Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J. A., and Kaplan, J. (1999). Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation 99: 2192–2217.PubMed

Schneider, K. T., Hitlan, R. T., and Radhakrishnan, P. (2000). An examination of the nature and correlates of ethnic harassment experiences in multiple contexts. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 85: 3–12.CrossRef

Schwartz, A. R., Gerin, W., and K. W., D. (2003). Toward a causal model of cardiovascular responses to stress and the development of cardiovascular disease. Psychosom. Med. 65: 22–35.PubMedCrossRef

Schwartz, J., and Stone, A. (1998). Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data. Health Psychol. 17: 6–16.PubMedCrossRef

Shapiro, D., Jamner, L. D., and Goldstein, I. B. (1997). Daily mood states and ambulatory blood pressure. Psychophysiology 34: 399–405.PubMed

Steffen, P. R., Mcneilly, M., and Anderson, N. (2003). Effects of perceived racism and anger inhibition on ambulatory blood pressure in African Americans. Psychosom. Med. 65(5): 746–750.PubMedCrossRef

Stone, A. A., and Shiffman, S. (1994). Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in behavioral medicine. Ann. Behav. Med. 16: 199–202.

Stone, A. A., and Shiffman, S. (2002). Capturing momentary, self-reported data: A proposal for reporting guidelines. Ann. Behav. Med. 24(3): 236–243.PubMedCrossRef

Suls, J., and Bunde, J. (2005). Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions. Psychol. Bull. 131: 260–300.PubMedCrossRef

Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., and Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 68(2): 199–214.CrossRef

Swim, J. K., Cohen, L. L., and Hyers, L. (1998). Experiencing everyday prejudice and discrimination. In Swim, J. K., and Stangor, C. (Eds.), Prejudice: The Target’s Perspective. Academic Press, New York, pp. 11–36.

Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L, Fitzgerald, D. C., and Bylsma, W. H. (2003). African American college students’ experiences with everyday racism: characteristics of and responses to these incidents. J. Black Psychol. 29: 38–67.CrossRef

Taylor, J. (1953). A personality scale of manifest anxiety. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 48: 285–290.CrossRef

Taylor, T. R., Kamarck, T. W., and Shiffman, S. (2004). Validation of the detroit area study discrimination scale in a community sample of older african american adults: The Pittsburgh healthy heart project. Int. J. Behav. Med. 11(2): 88–94.PubMedCrossRef

Troxel, W. M., Matthews, K. A., Bromberger, J. T., and Sutton-Tyrrell, K. (2003). Chronic stress burden, discrimination and subclinical carotid artery disease in African American and Caucasian women. Health Psychol. 22(3): 300–309.PubMedCrossRef

Watts, G. (2002, 8/2/2002). Is being black bad for your mental health? Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 19.

Whiteman, M. C., Deary, I. J., and Fowkes, F. G. R. (2000). Personality and health: Cardiovascular disease. In Hampson, S. E. (Ed.), Advances in Personality Psychology, vol. 1. Psychology Press, New York, NY, US, pp. 157–198.

Williams, D. R., and Collins, C. (1995). US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Ann. Rev. Sociol. 21: 349–386.CrossRef

Titel: Perceived Ethnic Discrimination in Relation to Daily Moods and Negative Social Interactions
Auteurs: Risa Broudy
Elizabeth Brondolo
Vonetta Coakley
Nisha Brady
Andrea Cassells
Jonathan N. Tobin
Monica Sweeney
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2007
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Uitgave 1/2007
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9081-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2007

A Longitudinal Examination of Social Support, Agreeableness and Depressive Symptoms in Chronic Kidney Disease

Hostility, Anger, and Marital Adjustment: Concurrent and Prospective Associations with Psychosocial Vulnerability

The Fear-Avoidance Model of Musculoskeletal Pain: Current State of Scientific Evidence

Acknowledgment of Reviewers, January 1, 2006—December 31, 2006

Specificity of Social Support for Back Pain Patients: Do Patients Care Who Provides What?

Physical Activity Behavior, Motivational Readiness and Self-Efficacy among Ontarians with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes