Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) represents the main adaptive immune mechanism in the oral cavity. The regulation of secretion and synthesis of S-IgA is not only dependent on prior antigenic stimulation, but is also under strong neuroendocrine control. Thus, alterations in neuroendocrine functioning (such as induced by stress, exercise, pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and pharmacological interventions) may affect salivary IgA levels. This review deals with the neuroendocrine regulation of synthesis and secretion of salivary IgA and its potential role in the maintenance of oral health.
References
Ahl, T., and Reinholdt, J. (1991). Detection of immunoglobulin A1 protease-induced Fabα fragments on dental plaque bacteria. Infect. Immun.59, 563–569.10.1128/iai.59.2.563-569.1991Search in Google Scholar
Ahmed, S.H., and Talal, N. (1990). Sex hormones and the immune system – Part 2. Animal data. Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol.4, 13–31.10.1016/S0950-3579(05)80241-9Search in Google Scholar
Arnold, R.R., Cole, M.F., Prince, S., and McGhee, J.R. (1977). Secretory IgM antibodies to Streptococcus mutans in subjects with selective IgA deficiency. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol.8, 475–486.10.1016/0090-1229(77)90011-3Search in Google Scholar
Bammann, L.L., and Gibbons, R.J. (1979). Immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans in saliva of adults, children, and predentate infants. J. Clin. Microbiol.10, 538–543.10.1128/jcm.10.4.538-543.1979Search in Google Scholar
Bellinger, D.L., Lorton, D., Lubhahn, C., and Felten, D.L. (2001). Innervation of lymphoid organs: associations of nerves with cells of the immune system and their implications in disease. In: Psychoneuroimmunology, Vol. 1, 3rd edition, R. Ader, D.L. Fleten, N. Cohen, eds. (San Diego, USA: Academic Press), pp. 55–112Search in Google Scholar
Benderli, Y., Erdilek, D., Kory, F., Telci, A., and Turan, N. (2000). The relation between salivary IgA and caries in renal transplant patients. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod.89, 588–593.10.1067/moe.2000.105144Search in Google Scholar
Biesbrock, A.R., Reddy, M.S., and Levine, M.J. (1991). Interaction of a salivary mucin-secretory immunoglobulin A complex with mucosal pathogens. Infect. Immun.59, 3492–3497.10.1128/iai.59.10.3492-3497.1991Search in Google Scholar
Bolscher, J.G.M., Nazmi, K., Ran, L.J., and Van Engelenburg, F.A.C., Schuitemaker, H., Veerman, E.C.I., and Nieuw Amerongen, A.V. (2002). Inhibition of HIV-1 IIIB and clinical isolates by human parotid, submandibular, sublingual and palatine saliva. Eur. J. Oral Sci.110, 149–156.10.1034/j.1600-0722.2002.11175.xSearch in Google Scholar
Bosch, J.A. (2001). Stress and Salivary Defense Systems: The Effect of Acute Stressors on Salivary Composition and Salivary Function. PhD thesis. VU, Amsterdam.Search in Google Scholar
Bosch, J.A., Ring, C., De Geus, E.J.C., Veerman, E.C.I., and Nieuw Amerongen, A.V. (2002). Stress and secretory immunity. Int. Rev. Immunobiol.52, 213–253.10.1016/S0074-7742(02)52011-0Search in Google Scholar
Brandtzaeg, P. (1995). Molecular and cellular aspects of the secretory immunoglobulin system. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand.103, 1–19.10.1111/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01073.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Brandtzaeg, P., Farstad, I.N., Johansen, F.E., Morton, H.C., Norderhaug, I.N., and Yamanaka, T. (1999). The B-cell system of human mucosae and exocrine glands. Immunol. Rev.171, 45–87.10.1111/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01342.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Braun, A., Wiebe, P., Pfeufer, A., Geßner, R., and Renz, H. (1999). Differential modulation of human immunoglobulin isotype production by the neuropeptides substance P, NKA and NKB. J. Neuroimmunol.97, 43–50.10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00051-XSearch in Google Scholar
Camling, E., and Köhler, B. (1987). Infection with the bacterium Streptococcus mutans and salivary IgA antibodies in mothers and their children. Arch. Oral. Biol.32, 817–823.10.1016/0003-9969(87)90009-4Search in Google Scholar
Carpenter, G.H., Garrett, J.R., Hartley, R.H., and Proctor, G.B. (1998). The influence of nerves on the secretion of immunoglobulin A into the submandibular saliva in rats. J. Physiol.512, 567–573.10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.567be.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Carpenter, G.H., Proctor, G.B., Anderson, L.C., Zhang, X.S., and Garrett, J.R. (2000). Immunoglobulin A secretion into saliva during dual sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation of rat submandibular glands. Exp. Physiol.85, 281–286.10.1111/j.1469-445X.2000.01968.xSearch in Google Scholar
Carpenter, G.H., Proctor, G.B., Ebersole, L.E., and Garrett, J.R. (2004). Secretion of IgA by rat parotid and submandibular cells in response to autonomimetic stimulation in vitro. Int. Immunopharmacol.4, 1005–1014.10.1016/j.intimp.2004.03.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Childers, N.K., Bruce, M.G., and McGhee, J.R. (1989). Molecular mechanisms of immunoglobulin A defense. Annu. Rev. Microbiol.43, 503–536.10.1146/annurev.mi.43.100189.002443Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ciccone, E., Truini, M., and Grossi, C.E. (1998). Lymphoid complement of the human salivary glands: function and pathology. Eur. J. Morphol.36, 252–256.Search in Google Scholar
Coleman, R., and Hand, A.R. (1987). Endocytosis of native and cationized ferritin by rat parotid duct cells. Cell. Tissue Res.249, 577–586.Search in Google Scholar
Czerkinsky, C., Prince, S.J., Michalek, S.M., Jacjson, S., Russell, M.W., Moldoveanu, Z., McGhee, J.R., and Mestecky, J.R. (1987). IgA antibody-producing cells in peripheral blood after antigen ingestion: evidence for a common mucosal immune system in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA84, 2449–2453.10.1073/pnas.84.8.2449Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Deslauriers, N., Néron, S., and Mourad, W. (1985). Immunobiology of the oral mucosa in the mouse. Immunology55, 391–397.Search in Google Scholar
Ekstrom, J., Asztely, A., and Tobin, G. (1998). Parasympathetic non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic mechanisms in salivary glands and their role in reflex secretion. Eur. J. Morphol.36(Suppl.), 208–212.Search in Google Scholar
Freier, S., Eran, M., and Alon, I. (1989). A study of stimuli operative in the release of antibodies in the rat intestine. Immunol. Invest.18, 431–447.10.3109/08820138909112254Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Funakoshi, S., Doi, T., Nakajima, T., Suyama, T., and Tokuda, M. (1982). Antimicrobial effect of human serum IgA. Microbiol. Immunol.26, 227–239.10.1111/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00174.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Gahnberg, L., Olsson, J., Krasse, B., and Carlén, A. (1982). Interference of salivary immunoglobulin A antibodies and other salivary fractions with adherence of Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite. Infect. Human37, 401–406.10.1128/iai.37.2.401-406.1982Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Gahnberg, L., Smith, D.J., Taubman, N.A., and Ebersole, J.L. (1985). Salivary IgA antibody to glucosyltransferase of oral microbial origin in children. Arch. Oral Biol.30, 551–556.10.1016/0003-9969(85)90056-1Search in Google Scholar
Gao, J., Lambert, R.W., Wickham, L.A., Banting, G., and Sullivan, D.A. (1995). Androgen control of secretory component mRNA levels in the rat lacrimal gland. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.52, 239–249.10.1016/0960-0760(94)00172-ISearch in Google Scholar
Garrett, J.R. (1987). The proper role of nerves in salivary secretion: a review. J. Dent. Res.66, 387–397.10.1177/00220345870660020201Search in Google Scholar
Garrett, J.R. (1995). Movements of organic molecules from blood to saliva and from glands to blood. In: Glandular mechanisms of salivary secretion. Frontiers of Oral Biology, Vol. 10, pp. 153–166.Search in Google Scholar
Gilbert, J.V., Plaut, A.G., Longmaid, B., and Lamm, M.E. (1983). Inhibition of microbial IgA proteases by human secretory IgA and serum. Mol. Immunol.20, 1039–1049.10.1016/0161-5890(83)90045-7Search in Google Scholar
Gleeson, M., Cripps, A.W., and Clancy, R.L. (1995). Modifiers of the human mucosal immune system. Immunol. Cell. Biol.73, 397–404.10.1038/icb.1995.62Search in Google Scholar
Gomez, E., Ortiz, V., Saint-Martin, B., Boeck, L., Diaz-Sanchez, V., and Bourges, H. (1993). Hormonal regulation of the secretory IgA (sIgA) system: estradiol- and progesterone-induced changes in sIgA in parotid saliva along the menstrual cycle. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.29, 219–223.10.1111/j.1600-0897.1993.tb00590.xSearch in Google Scholar
Gregory, R.L., and Filler, S.J. (1987). Protective secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies in humans following oral immunization with Streptococcus mutans. Infect. Immun.55, 2409–2415.10.1128/iai.55.10.2409-2415.1987Search in Google Scholar
Haelens, A., Verrijdt, G., Schoenmakers, E., Alen, P., Peeters, B., Rombauts, W., and Claessens, F. (1999). The first exon of the human SC gene contains an androgen responsive unit and an interferon regulatory factor element. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.153, 91–102.10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00079-9Search in Google Scholar
Hagewald, S., Bernimoulin, J.P., Kottgen, E., and Kage, A. (2002). Salivary IgA subclasses and bacteria – reactive IgA in patients with aggressive periodontitis. J. Periodont. Res.37, 333–339.10.1034/j.1600-0765.2002.00337.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Hajishengalis, G., Nikolova, E., and Russell, M.W. (1992). Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite by human secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) antibodies to cell surface protein antigen I/II: reversal by IgA1 protease cleavage. Infect. Immun.60, 5057–5064.10.1128/iai.60.12.5057-5064.1992Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Johnson, D.A., Etzel, K.R., Alvares, O.F., and Cortez, J.E. (1987). Regulation of parotid salivary proteins by glucocorticoids. J. Dent. Res.66, 1563–1568.10.1177/00220345870660101001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kelleher, R.S., Hann, L.E., Edwards, J.A., and Sullivan, D.A. (1991). Endocrine, neural and immune control of secretory component output by lacrimal gland acinar cells. J. Immunol146, 4305–3412.10.4049/jimmunol.146.10.3405Search in Google Scholar
Kerr, M.A. (1990). The structure and function of human IgA. Biochem. J.271, 285–29610.1042/bj2710285Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kilian, M., Rolland, K., and Mestecky, J. (1981). Interference of secretory immunoglobulin A with sorption of oral bacteria to hydroxyapatite. Infect. Immun.31, 935–941.10.1128/iai.31.3.942-951.1981Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kilian, M., Thomsen, B., Peterson, T.E., and Bleeg, H.S. (1983). Occurrence and nature of bacterial IgA proteases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.409, 612–624.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb26903.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Kilian, M., Mestecky, J., and Russell, M.W. (1988). Defense mechanisms involving Fc-dependent functions of immunoglobulin A and their subversion by bacterial immunoglobulin A proteases. Microbiol. Rev.52, 296–303.10.1128/mr.52.2.296-303.1988Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kilian, M., Reinholdt, J., Lomholt, H., Poulsen, K., and Frandsen, E.V. (1996). Biological significance of IgA1 proteases in bacterial colonisation and pathogenesis: critical evaluation of experimental evidence. APMIS104, 321–338.10.1111/j.1699-0463.1996.tb00724.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Kirstila, V., Tenovuo, J., Ruuskanen, O., Nikoskelainen, J., Irjala, K., and Vilja, P. (1994). Salivary defense factors and oral health in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J. Clin. Immunol.14, 229–236.10.1007/BF01552309Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Klein, J.P., Schöller, M., and Frank, R.M. (1977). Inhibition of glucosyltransferase by human salivary immunoglobulin A. Infect. Immun.15, 329–331.10.1128/iai.15.1.329-331.1977Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Korsrud, F.R., and Brandtzaeg, P. (1980). Quantitative immunochemistry of immunoglobulin and J-chain-producing cells in human parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Immunology39, 129–140.Search in Google Scholar
Kuby, J. (1994). Immunology, 2nd Edition (New York, USA: W.H. Freeman and Co.).Search in Google Scholar
Lambert, R.W., Kelleher, R.S., Wickham, L.A., Vaerman, J.P., and Sullivan, D.A. (1994). Neuroendocrinimmune modulation of secretory component production by rat lacrimal, salivary and intestinal epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.35, 1192–1201.Search in Google Scholar
Lamm, M.E., Nedrud, J.G., Kaetzel, C.S., and Mazanec, M.B. (1995). IgA and mucosal defense. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand.103, 241–246.10.1111/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01101.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Lamm, M.E. (1997). Interaction of antigens and antibodies at mucosal surfaces. Annu. Rev. Microbiol.51, 311–340.10.1146/annurev.micro.51.1.311Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lee, S.G. (1995). Active release of bound antibody by Streptococcus mutans. Infect. Immun.63, 1940–1946.10.1128/iai.63.5.1940-1946.1995Search in Google Scholar
Li, Y.S., Kouassi, E., and Revillard, J.P. (1990). Differential regulation of mouse B-cell activation by β-adrenoceptor stimulation depending on type of mitogens. Immunology69, 367–372.Search in Google Scholar
Livnat, S., Madden, K.S., Felten, D.L., and Felten, S.Y. (1987). Regulation of the immune system by sympathetic neural mechanisms. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry11, 145–152.10.1016/0278-5846(87)90052-2Search in Google Scholar
Loesche, W.J. (1986). Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol. Rev.50, 353–380.10.1128/mr.50.4.353-380.1986Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ma, J.K-C., Hikmat, B.Y., Wycoff, K., Vine, N.D., Chargelegue, D., Yu, L., Hein, M.B., and Lehner, T. (1998). Characterization of a recombinant plant monoclonal secretory antibody and preventive immunotherapy in humans. Nat. Med.4, 601–606.10.1038/nm0598-601Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Magnusson, K.E., and Stjernstrom, I. (1982). Mucosal barrier mechanisms. Interplay between secretory IgA (sIgA), IgG and mucin on the surface properties and association of salmonellae with intestines and granulocytes. Immunology45, 239–248.Search in Google Scholar
Marcotte, H., and Lavoie, M.C. (1998). Oral microbial ecology and the role of salivary immunoglobulin A. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.62, 71–109.10.1128/MMBR.62.1.71-109.1998Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Matsuo, R., Garrett, J.R., Proctor, G.B., and Carpenter, G.H. (2000). Reflex secretion of proteins into submandibular saliva in conscious rats, before and after preganglionic sympathectomy. J. Physiol.527, 175–184.10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00175.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Mestecky, J. (1993). Saliva as a manifestation of the common mucosal immune system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.694, 184–194.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18352.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Michalek, S.M., and Childers, N.K. (1990). Development and outlook for a caries vaccine. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med.1, 37–54.10.1177/10454411900010010401Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Michalek, S.M., Katz, J., and Childers, N.K. (2001). A vaccine against dental caries. An overview. BioDrugs15, 501–508.10.2165/00063030-200115080-00002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nair, P.N., and Schroeder, H.E. (1983). Local immune response to repeated topical antigen application in the simian labial mucosa. Infect. Immun.41, 399–409.10.1128/iai.41.1.399-409.1983Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Nair, P.N., and Schroeder, H.E. (1986). Duct-associated lymphoid tissue (DALT) of minor salivary glands and mucosal immunity. Immunology57, 171–180.Search in Google Scholar
Nieuw Amerongen, A.V. (1992). The functions of saliva. Ned. Tijdschr. Tandheelkd.99, 78–81.Search in Google Scholar
Nieuw Amerongen A.V., and Veerman E.C.I. (2002). Saliva – the defender of the oral cavity. Oral Dis.8, 12–22.10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.1o816.xSearch in Google Scholar
Nieuw Amerongen, A.V., Bolscher, J.G.M., and Veerman, E.C.I. (1995). Salivary mucins: protective functions in relation to their diversity. Glycobiology5, 733–740.10.1093/glycob/5.8.733Search in Google Scholar
Norderhaug, I.N., Johansen, F.E., Schjerven, H., and Brandtzaeg, P. (1999). Regulation of the formation and external transport of secretory immunoglobulins. Crit. Rev. Immunol.19, 481–508.Search in Google Scholar
Norhagen, G., Engström, P.E., Hammarström, L., Söder, P.Ö., and Smith, C.I.E. (1989). Immunoglobulin levels in saliva in individuals with selective IgA deficiency: compensatory IgM secretion and its correlation with HLA and susceptibility to infections. J. Clin. Immunol.9, 279–286.10.1007/BF00918659Search in Google Scholar
O'Dorisio, M.S. (1988). Neuropeptide modulation of the immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Int. J. Neurosci.38, 189–198.10.3109/00207458809000497Search in Google Scholar
Oudghiri, M., Séguin, J., and Deslauriers, N. (1986). The cellular basis of salivary immunity in the mouse: incidence and distribution of B cells, T cells and macrophages in single-cell suspensions of the major salivary glands. Eur. J. Immunol.16, 281–285.10.1002/eji.1830160313Search in Google Scholar
Pappo, J., Ebersole, J.L., and Taubman, M.A. (1988). Resident salivary gland macrophages function as accessory cells in antigen dependent T-cell proliferation. Immunology63, 99–104.Search in Google Scholar
Proctor, G.B., and Carpenter, G.H. (2001). Chewing stimulates secretion of human salivary secretory immunoglobulin. Am. J. Dent. Res.80, 909–913.10.1177/00220345010800031201Search in Google Scholar
Proctor, G.B., and Carpenter, G.H. (2002). Neural control of salivary S-IgA secretion. Int. Rev. Neurobiol.52, 187–212.10.1016/S0074-7742(02)52010-9Search in Google Scholar
Proctor, G.B., Carpenter, G.H., Anderson, L.C., and Garrett, J.R. (2000a). Nerve-evoked secretion of immunoglobulin A in relation to other proteins by parotid glands in anaesthetised rat. Exp. Physiol.85, 511–518.10.1111/j.1469-445X.2000.02060.xSearch in Google Scholar
Proctor, G.B., Carpenter, G.H., and Garrett, J.R. (2000b). Sympathetic decentralization abolishes increased secretion of immunoglobulin A evoked by parasympathetic stimulation of rat submandibular glands. J. Neuroimmunol.109, 147–154.10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00316-7Search in Google Scholar
Proctor G.B., Garrett J.R., Carpenter G.H., and Ebersole L.E. (2003). Salivary secretion of immunoglobulin A by submandibular glands in response to autonomimetic infusions in anaesthetised rats. J. Neuroimmunol.136, 17–24.10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00466-6Search in Google Scholar
Reinholdt, J., and Kilian, M. (1987). Interference of IgA protease with the effect of secretory IgA on adherence of oral streptococci to saliva coated hydroxyapatite. J. Dent. Res.66, 492–497.10.1177/00220345870660021801Search in Google Scholar
Ring, C., Harrison, L.K., Winzer, A., Carroll, D., Drayson, M., and Kendall, M. (2000). Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular reaction to mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and exercise: effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade. Psychophysiology37, 634–643.10.1111/1469-8986.3750634Search in Google Scholar
Rosato, R., Jammes, H., Belair, L., Puissant, C., Kraehenbuhl, J.P., and Djiane, J. (1995). Polymeric-Ig receptor gene expression in rabbit mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation: evolution and hormonal regulation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.110, 81–87.10.1016/0303-7207(95)03519-DSearch in Google Scholar
Rudney, J.D. (1995). Does variability in salivary protein concentrations influence oral microbial ecology and oral health?Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med.6, 343–367.10.1177/10454411950060040501Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Russell, M.W., Hajishengallis, G., Childers, N.K., and Michalek, S.M. (1999). Secretory immunity in defense against cariogenic mutans streptococci. Caries Res.33, 4–15.10.1159/000016490Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Schenck, K., Poppelsdorf, D., Denis, C., and Tollefsen, T. (1993). Levels of salivary IgA antibodies reactive with bacteria from dental plaque are associated with susceptibility to experimental gingivitis. J. Clin. Periodontol.20, 411–417.10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00381.xSearch in Google Scholar
Schmidt, P.T., Eriksen, L., Loftager, M., Rasmussen, T.N., and Holst, J.J. (1999). Fast acting nervous regulation of immunoglobulin A secretion from isolated perfused porcine ileum. Gut45, 679–685.10.1136/gut.45.5.679Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Smith, D.J., and Taubman. M.A. (1990). Effect of local deposition of antigen on salivary immune responses and reaccumulation of mutans streptococci. J. Clin. Immunol.10, 273–281.10.1007/BF00916703Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Smith, D.J., Ebersole, J.L., Taubman, M.A., and Gadalla, L. (1985). Salivary IgA antibody to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a young adult population. J. Periodontal Res.20, 8–11.10.1111/j.1600-0765.1985.tb00404.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Sullivan, D.A., Kelleher, R.S., Vaerman, J.P., and Hann, L.E. (1990). Androgen regulation of secretory component synthesis by lacrimal gland acinar cell in vitro. J. Immunol.145, 4238–4244.10.4049/jimmunol.145.12.4238Search in Google Scholar
Tenovuo, J., Moldoveanu, Z., Mestecky, J., Pruit, K.M., and Mansson-Rahemtulla, B. (1982). Interaction of specific and innate factors of immunity: IgA enhances the antimicrobial effect of the lactoperoxidase system against Streptococcus mutans. J. Immunol.128, 726–731.10.4049/jimmunol.128.2.726Search in Google Scholar
Tomasi, T.B. (1989). Regulation of the mucosal IgA response: an overview. Immunol. Invest.18, 1–15.10.3109/08820138909112223Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tsuzukida, Y., Wang, C.C., and Putnam, F.W. (1979). Structure of the A2m(1) allotype of human IgA-α recombinant molecule. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA17, 1104–1108.10.1073/pnas.76.3.1104Search in Google Scholar
Verrijdt, G., Swinnen, J., Peeters, B., Verhoeven, G., Rombauts, W., and Claessens, F. (1997). Characterisation of the human secretory component gene promoter. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1350, 147–154.10.1016/S0167-4781(96)00214-XSearch in Google Scholar
Vigneswaran, N., Peters, K.P., Diepgen, T.L., Wahlich, C., Hornstein, O.P., and Haneke, E. (1991). Phenotyping of immunocompetent cells in normal labial and palatal salivary glands and in non-autoimmune sialadentitis. J. Oral Pathol. Med.20, 337–344.10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00941.xSearch in Google Scholar
Williams, R.C., and Gibbons, R.J. (1972). Inhibition of bacterial adherence by secretory immunoglobulin A: a mechanism of antigen disposal. Science177, 697–699.10.1126/science.177.4050.697Search in Google Scholar
Wilson, I.D., Soltis, R.D., Olson, R.E., and Erlandsen, S.L. (1982). Cholinergic stimulation of immunoglobulin A secretion in rat intestine. Gastroenterology83, 881–888.10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80020-6Search in Google Scholar
Wilton, J.M.A., Curtis, M.A., Gillet, I.R., Griffiths, G.S., Maiden, M.F.J., Sterne, J.A.C., Wilson, D.T., and Johnsson, N.W. (1989). Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases: laboratory markers from analysis of saliva. J. Clin. Periodontol.16, 475–483.10.1111/j.1600-051X.1989.tb02323.xSearch in Google Scholar
Winzer, A., Ring, C., Carroll, D., Willemsen, G., Drayson, M., and Kendall, M. (1999) Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular reaction to mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and exercise: effects of beta-adrenergic blockade. Psychophysiology36, 591–601.10.1111/1469-8986.3650591Search in Google Scholar
Wira, C.R., and Colby, E.M. (1985). Regulation of secretory component by glucocorticoids in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J. Immunol.134, 1744–1748.10.4049/jimmunol.134.3.1744Search in Google Scholar
Wira, C.R., and Rossoll, R.M. (1991). Glucocorticoid regulation of the humoral immune system. Dexamethasone stimulation of secretory component in serum, saliva, and bile. Endocrinology128, 835–842.Search in Google Scholar
Wira, C.R., Sandoe, C.P., and Steele, M.G. (1990). Glucocorticoid regulation of the humoral immune system. I. In vivo effects of dexamethasone on IgA and IgG in serum and at mucosal surfaces. J. Immunol.144, 142–146.Search in Google Scholar
Zee, K.Y., Samaranayake, L.P., and Attstrom, R. (2001). Salivary immunoglobulin A levels in rapid and slow plaque formers: a pilot study. Microbios106, 81–87.Search in Google Scholar
©2004 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York