Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intensivmedizinische Versorgung

  • Chapter
Tscherne Unfallchirurgie

  • 114 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Behandlung eines Mehrfachverletzten (Polytrauma) stellt eine besondere Herausforderung für die behandelnden Ärzte und das Intensivpflegepersonal dar. Erfahrung, rasche Diagnosestellung und effizientes Handeln entscheiden über das Schicksal dieser Patienten. Die Versorgung Schwer- und Mehrfachverletzter erfordert ein Höchstmaß an Organisation, eine gut ausgebaute Logistik und einen hohen Ausbildungsstand der behandelnden Ärzte und Pflegepersonen. Gerade im Bereich der Intensivmedizin ist eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Arzt und Pflegepersonal erforderlich. Die Anwendung von standardisierten Konzepten in der Behandlung und Pflege des Schwerverletzten hat sich in den letzten Jahren durchgesetzt. Es gibt Maßnahmen, die grundsätzlich bei allen Patienten durchzuführen sind, sowie spezielle Pflege- und Behandlungsmodule, die bei der Behandlung von einzelnen kritischen Verletzungen ihre Berücksichtigung finden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Anonymous (1991) Nosocomial infection rates for interhospital comparison: limitations and possible solutions. A Report from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System [see comments]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 12: 609-621

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1994) A multicenter trial of the efficacy of nimodipine on outcome after severe head injury. The European Study Group on Nimodipine in Severe Head Injury. J Neurosurg 80: 797-804

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander JW, Saito H, Trocki O, Ogle CK (1986) The importance of lipid type in the diet after burn injury. Ann Surg 204: 1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews CP, Coalson JJ, Smith JD, Johanson WG Jr (1981) Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in acute, diffuse lung injury. Chest 80: 254–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aubier M, Trippenbach T, Roussos C (1981) Respiratory muscle fatigue during cardiogenic shock. J Appl Physiol 51: 499–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baele PL, McMichan JC, Marsh HM, Sill JC, Southorn PA (1982) Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 61: 513–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee SN, Emori TG, Culver DH et al. (1991) Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States, 1980-1989. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 91: 86S–89S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbul A (1990) Arginine and immune function. Nutrition 6: 53–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett JG, O’Keefe P, Tally FP, Louie TJ, Gorbach SL (1986) Bacteriology of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 146: 868–871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian L, Weimann A, Regel G, Trautwein C, Tscherne H (1996) Praktikabilität und Komplikationen bei der frühzeitigen Ernährung von schwerstpolytraumatisierten Patienten über Duodenalsonden. Unfallchirurg 99: 642–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell RC, Coalson JJ, Smith JD, Johanson WG Jr (1983) Multiple organ system failure and infection in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med 99: 293–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin B (1993) Prolonged intubation injuries of the larynx: endoscopic diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol (Suppl) 160: 1–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berk SL, Verghese A (1989) Emerging pathogens in nosocomial pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8: 11–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bihari D, Smithies M, Gimson A, Tinker J (1987) The effects of vasodilation with prostacyclin on oxygen delivery and uptake in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 317: 397–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biliar TR (1995) Nitric oxide. Novel biology with clinical relevance. Ann Surg 221: 339–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bland RD, Shoemaker WC, Abraham E, Cobo JC (1985) Hemodynamic and oxygen transport patterns in surviving and nonsurviving postoperative patients. Crit Care Med 13: 85–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bode PJ, Niezen RA, van Vugt AB, Schipper J (1993) Abdominal ultrasound as a reliable indicator for conclusive laparotomy in blunt abdominal trauma [see comments]. J Trauma 34: 27–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodey GP, Loftis J, Bowen E (1968) Protected environment for cancer patients. Effect of a prophylactic antibiotic regimen on the microbial flora of patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 122: 23–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boland GW, Lee MJ, Leung J, Mueller PR (1994) Percutaneous cholecystostomy in critically ill patients: early response and final outcome in 82 patients. Am J Roentgenol 163: 339–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Border JR, Hassett J, LaDuca J et al. (1987) The gut origin septic states in blunt multiple trauma (ISS = 40) in the ICU. Ann Surg 206: 427–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B et al. (1995) Early enterai administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 23: 436–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd O, Grounds M, Bennett D (1992) The dependency of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in critically ill postoperative patients is mimicked by variations in sedation. Chest 101: 1619–1624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breiman RF (1993) Modes of transmission in epidemic and nonepidemic Legionella infection: direction for further study. In: Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, Dufour AP (eds) Current Status and Emerging Prospectives. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant LR, Mobin Uddin K, Dillon ML, Griffen WO Jr (1973) Misdiagnosis of pneumonia in patients needing mechanical respiration. Arch Surg 106: 286–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger R, Hassler W (1993) Transkranielle Dopplersonographie beim Schädel-Hirn-Trauma: Wertvolle Methode in der traumatologischen Notfallsituation? Aktuelle Traumatol 23: 14–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke DJ, Alverdy JC, Aoys E, Moss GS (1989) Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves gut immune function. Arch Surg 124: 1396–1399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calder PC (1994) Glutamine and the immune system. Clin Nutr 13: 2–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson C, Chapman AG (1981) The effect of diazepam on the cerebral metabolic state in rats and its interaction with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 54: 488–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson C, Smith DS, Keykhah MM, Englebach I, Harp JR (1982) The effects of high-dose fentanyl on cerebral circulation and metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology 57: 375–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson M, Nordstrom J, Hedenstierna G (1984) Clinical implication of continuous measurement of energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated patients. Clin Nutr 3: 103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (1975) National nosocomial infections study report. Annual Summary, October 1975 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (1984) National nosocomial infection surveillance, 1983. 955 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerra FB (1987) Hypermetabolism, organ failure, and metabolic support. Surgery 101: 1–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerra FB, Maddaus MA, Dunn DL, Wells CL, Konstantinides NN, Lehmann SL, Mann HJ (1992) Selective gut decontamination reduces nosocomial infections and length of stay but not mortality or organ failure in surgical intensive care unit patients. Arch Surg 127: 163–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan KH, Miller JD, Dearden NM, Andrews PJ, Midgley S (1992) The effect of changes in cerebral perfusion pressure upon middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation after severe brain injury [see comments]. J Neurosurg 77: 55–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan PH, Yurko M, Fishman RA (1982) Phospholipid degradation and cellular edema induced by free radicals in brain cortical slices. J Neurochem 38: 525–531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chauncey JB, Lynch JP, Hyzy RC, Toews GB (1990) Invasive techniques in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Semin Respir Infect 5: 215–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR et al. (1993) The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 34: 216–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chesnut RM, Marshall SB, Piek J, Blunt BA, Klauber MR, Marshall LF (1993) Early and late systemic hypotension as a frequent and fundamental source of cerebral ischemia following severe brain injury in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 59: 121–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark LC (1956) Monitor and control of blood and tissue oxygen tension. Trans Am Soc Artif Int Organs 2: 41–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Horn SD, Menlove RL, Burke JP (1992) The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection [see comments]. N Engl J Med 326: 281–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clifton GL, Allen S, Barrodale P et al. (1993) A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 10: 263–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockerill FR, Muller SM, Anhalt JP (1989) Reduction of nosocomial infections by selective contamination of the digestive tract in the ICU. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall JW, Marini JJ, Newman JH (1985) Improved oxygenation after muscle relaxation in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Intern Med 145: 1718–1720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cold GE (1989) Does acute hyperventilation provoke cerebral oligaemia in comatose patients after acute head injury? Acta Neurochir Wien 96: 100–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH et al. (1994) Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 330: 377–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig CP, Connelly S (1984) Effect of intensive care unit nosocomial pneumonia on duration of stay and mortality. Am J Infect Control 12: 233–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craven DE, Kunches LM, Kilinsky V, Lichtenberg DA, Make BJ, McCabe WR (1986) Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 133: 792–796

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craven DE, Steger KA, Barber TW (1991) Preventing nosocomial pneumonia: state of the art and perspectives for the 1990s. Am J Med 91: 44S–53S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craven DE, Steger KA, Duncan RA (1993) Prevention and control of nosocomial pneumonia. In: Wenzel RP (ed) Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 580–599

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz J, Jaggi JL, Hoffstad OJ (1995) Cerebral blood flow, vascular resistance, and oxygen metabolism in acute brain trauma: redefining the role of cerebral perfusion pressure? Crit Care Med 23: 1412–1417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly JM (1994) Specific nutrients and the immunresponse: From research to clinical practice. J Crit Care Nutr 2: 24–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly JM, Weintraub FN, Shou J, Rosato EF, Lucia M (1995) Enterai nutrition during multimodality therapy in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Ann Surg 221: 327–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daschner FD, Frey P, Wolff G, Baumann PC, Suter P (1982) Nosocomial infections in intensive care wards: a multicenter prospective study. Intensive Care Med 8: 5–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dearden NM, Midgley S (1993) Technical considerations in continuous jugular venous oxygen saturation measurement. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 59: 91–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deitch EA (1990) Bacterial translocation of the gut flora. J Trauma 30: S184–S189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deitch EA (1990) The role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 125: 403–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deitch EA (1992) Multiple organ failure. Pathophysiology and potential future therapy [see comments]. Ann Surg 216: 117–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donowitz LG, Wenzel RP, Hoyt JW (1982) High risk of hospitalacquired infection in the ICU patient. Crit Care Med 10: 355–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfuss D, Basset G, Soler P, Saumon G (1985) Intermittent positive-pressure hyperventilation with high inflation pressures produces pulmonary microvascular injury in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 132: 880–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubick MN, Wright BD (1978) Comparison of laryngeal pathology following long-term oral and nasal endotracheal intubations. Anesth Analg 57: 663–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan JM, Oldfield GS, Ghosh HK (1985) Septicaemia as a hospital hazard. J Hosp Infect 6: 406–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekstedt J (1978) CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 2. Normal hydrodynamic variables related to CSF pressure and flow. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41: 345–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekstrom Jodal B, Elfverson J, von Essen C (1979) Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and intracranial pressure during and after severe prolonged arterial hypoxia in dogs. The role of dopamine in the deep hypoxic state. Acta Neurol Scand 60: 36–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emori TG, Gaynes RP (1993) An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 6: 428–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ertel W, Trentz O (1994) Polytrauma und Multiorgan-Dysfunktionssyndrom (MODS). Definition — Pathophysiologie — Therapie. Zentralbl Chir 119: 159–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Facco E, Munari M, Baratto F, Dona B, Giron GP (1990) Somatosensory evoked potentials in severe head trauma. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol (Suppl) 41: 330–341

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Facco E, Munari M, Dona B, Baratto F, Fiore D, Behr AU, Giron G (1991) Spatial mapping of SEP in comatose patients: improved outcome prediction by combined parietal N20 and frontal N30 analysis. Brain Topogr 3: 447–455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk JL, Rackow EC, Weil MH (1983) Colloid and crystalloid fluid resuscitation. Acute Care 10: 59–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenstermacher JD, Blasberg RG, Patlak CS (1981) Methods for quantifying the transport of drugs across brain barrier systems. Pharmacol Ther 14: 217–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field S, Kelly SM, Macklem PT (1982) The oxygen cost of breathing in patients with cardiorespiratory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 126: 9–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman J, Rosner BA, McGowan JE Jr (1979) Adverse effects of nosocomial infection. J Infect Dis 140: 732–740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fürst P, Stehle P (1995) Glutaminzufuhr in der parenteralen Ernährungstherapie. Akt Ernähr Med 20: 89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaab MR, Seegers K, Smedema RJ, Heissler HE, Goetz C (1990) A comparative analysis of THAM (Tris-buffer) in traumatic brain oedema. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 51: 320–323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaab MR, Trost HA, Alcantara A et al. (1994) »Ultrahigh« dexamethasone in acute brain injury. Results from a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter trial (GUDHIS). German Ultrahigh Dexamethasone Head Injury Study Group. Zentralbl Neurochir 55: 135–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garibaldi RA, Burke JP, Dickman ML, Smith CB (1974) Factors predisposing to bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization. N Engl J Med 291: 215–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garibaldi RA, Mooney BR, Epstein BJ, Britt MR (1982) An evaluation of daily bacteriologic monitoring to identify preventable episodes of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Infect Control 3: 466–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM (1988) CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988 [published erratum appears in Am J Infect Control 1988 Aug; 16(4): 177]. Am J Infect Control 16: 128–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Vitale G, Pesenti A, D’Andrea L, Mascheroni D (1991) Body position changes redistribute lung computedtomographic density in patients with acute respiratory failure. Anesthesiology 74: 15–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Pelizzola A et al. (1981) Reversal of terminal acute respiratory failure by low frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal removal of CO2 (LFPPV-ECCO2R). Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 27: 289–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gennarelli TA, Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Alves WM (1989) Mortality of patients with head injury and extracranial injury treated in trauma centers. J Trauma 29: 1193–1201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin SR, Friedman WA, Bellefleur M (1991) Is it time to use evoked potentials to predict outcome in comatose children and adults? Crit Care Med 19: 518–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goraj B, Rifkinson Mann S, Leslie DR, Lansen TA, Kasoff SS, Tenner MS (1994) Correlation of intracranial pressure and transcranial Doppler resistive index after head trauma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15: 1333–1339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goris RJ, van Bebber IP, Mollen RM, Koopman JP (1991) Does selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract prevent multiple organ failure? An experimental study. Arch Surg 126: 561–565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschlich MM (1992) Selection of optimal lipid sources in enteral and parenteral nutrition [published erratum appears in Nutr Clin Pract 1992 Oct; 7(5): 245] [see comments]. Nutr Clin Pract 7: 152–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschlich MM, Jenkins M, Warden GD, Baumer T, Havens P, Snook JT, Alexander JW (1990) Differential effects of three enterai dietary regimens on selected outcome variables in burn patients [see comments]. J Parenter Enterai Nutr 14: 225–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JP, Snyder PJ (1988) Use of L-glutamine in total parenteral nutrition. J Surg Res 44: 506–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grover ER, Bihari DJ (1992) The role of tracheostomy in the adult intensive care unit [see comments]. Postgrad Med J 68: 313–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, Ding J, Huang Q, Jerrels T, Deitch EA (1995) Alterations in the intestinal bacterial flora modulate systemic cytokine response to hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol 269: G 827–832

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurwith MJ, Brunton JL, Lank BA, Harding GK, Ronald AR (1979) A prospective controlled investigation of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med 66: 248–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, Ali R, von der Decken A, Vinnars E (1989) Addition of glutamine to total parenteral nutrition after elective abdominal surgery spares free glutamine in muscle, counteracts the fall in muscle protein synthesis, and improves nitrogen balance. Ann Surg 209: 455–461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Saunders GL (1994) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients — is there a role? Results of a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial [published erratum appears in Crit Care Med 1994 Jul; 22(7): 1204]. Crit Care Med 22: 33–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harbaugh RD, James HE, Marshall LF, Shapiro HM, Laurin R (1979) Acute therapeutic modalities for experimental vasogenic edema. Neurosurgery 5: 656–665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartl WH, Jauch KW (1994) Postaggressionsstoffwechsel: Versuch einer Standortbestimmung. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 21: 30–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassler W, Steinmetz H, Gawlowski J (1988) Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in raised intracranial pressure and in intracranial circulatory arrest. J Neurosurg 68: 745–751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haussinger D, Roth E, Lang F, Gerok W (1993) Cellular hydration state: an important determinant of protein catabolism in health and disease. Lancet 341: 1330–1332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi M, Kobayashi H, Kawano H, Handa Y, Hirose S (1988) Treatment of systemic hypertension and intracranial hypertension in cases of brain hemorrhage. Stroke 19: 314–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickling KG, Henderson SJ, Jackson R (1990) Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 16: 372–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, Jackson R (1994) Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 22: 1568–1578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann R, Nerlich M, Muggia Sullam M, Pohlemann T, Wippermann B, Regel G, Tscherne H (1992) Blunt abdominal trauma in cases of multiple trauma evaluated by ultrasonography: a prospective analysis of 291 patients. J Trauma 32: 452–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzapfel L, Chevret S, Madinier G, Ohen F, Demingeon G, Coupry A, Chaudet M (1993) Influence of long-term oro-or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial [see comments]. Crit Care Med 21: 1132–1138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horan T, Culver D, Jarvis W, Emori G, Banerjee S, Martone WJ, Thornberry C (1988) Pathogens causing nosocomial infections. CDC. Antimicrobic Newsletter 5: 65–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain SN, Roussos C (1985) Distribution of respiratory muscle and organ blood flow during endotoxic shock in dogs. J Appl Physiol 59: 1802–1808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof HG, Gutling E, Ruttner B, Dolder E, Zollinger A, Walser H (1993) Prognostische Bedeutung der früh abgeleiteten somatosensorischen evozierten Potentiale bei neurologisch nicht beurteilbaren Patienten nach Schädel-Hirn-Traumen. Aktuelle Traumatol 23: 7–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ittner G, Jaskulka R (1992) Thoraxtrauma und Schädel-Hirn-Trauma beim Mehrfachverletzten — eine Analyse von 87 Fällen. Unfallheilkunde 223: 332

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR, Edwards JR, Culver DH et al. (1991) Nosocomial infection rates in adult and pediatric intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 91: 185S–191S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, Kapasi MZ, Jenkins LW, Povlishock JT (1992) Moderate hypothermia reduces blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol Berl 84: 495–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joka T, Nakhosteen JA, Obertacke U et al. (1988) Beeinflusst die bronchoalveolare Lavage das Milieu in der Alveole? Prax Klin Pneumol 42: 705–710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PA, Andrews PJ, Midgley S et al. (1994) Measuring the burden of secondary insults in head-injured patients during intensive care. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6: 4–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorg J, Hielscher H, Gerhard H (1982) Bedeutung der optisch und somatosensorisch evozierten Potentiale für die neurologische Diagnostik. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 107: 1403–1408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi M, Ciesla N, Caplan E (1988) Diagnosis of pneumonia in critically ill patients. Chest 80: 94

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakarieka A, Braakman R, Schäkel EH (1994) Clinical significance of the finding of subarachnoid blood on CT scan after head injury. Acta Neurochir Wien 129: 1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kernen M, Senkal M, Homann HH et al. (1995) Early postoperative enterai nutrition with arginine-omega-3 fatty acids and ribonucleic acid-supplemented diet versus placebo in cancer patients: an immunologic evaluation of Impact. Crit Care Med 23: 652–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella JE, Lokesh B, Broughton S, Whelan J (1990) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids: potential effects on the modulation of inflammatory and immune cells: an overview. Nutrition 6: 24–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick PJ, Smielewski P, Czosnyka M et al. (1995) Near-infrared spectroscopy use in patients with head injury. J Neurosurg 83: 963–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klatzo I (1985) Brain oedema following brain ischaemia and the influence of therapy. Br J Anaesth 57: 18–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knoblich OE, Gaab M, Weber W, Dietrich K, Meyendorf R (1980) Intracranial pressure and electrical activity of the brain in various forms of experimental and clinical seizures. Neurosurg Rev 3: 243–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolobow T, Gattinoni L, Tomlinson TA, Pierce JE (1977) Control of breathing using an extracorporeal membrane lung. Anesthesiology 46: 138–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad F, Schwalbe B, Heiderich P (1988) Bacterial colonization and respiratory tract infections in long term ventilated patients under conventional and selective decontamination of the degestive tract. Intensive Care Med 14: 311

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreimeier U, Messmer K (1987) New perspectives in resuscitation and prevention of multiple organ system failure. In: Baethmann H, Messmer K (eds) Surgical research: recent concepts and results. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, PP 39–50

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kröll W, Polz W, Schimetta W (1994) »Small volume resuscitation«-Eröffnen sich damit neue Möglichkeiten in der Behandlung des hypovolamischen Schocks? Wien Klin Wochenschr 106: 8–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kröll W, List WF (1990) Volumenersatz mit Kolloiden. Beitr Anaesth Intensivmed 31: 13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuckelt W, Bornscheuer HH, Linge C (1990) Klinische Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Analgosedierung auf den Sauerstoffverbrauch und die Sauerstoffbereitstellung beim multiplen Organversagen. In: Eyrich LJ (Hrsg) Analgesie und Sedierung in der Intensivmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 55

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni AD, Fanslow WC, Rudolph FB, Van Buren CT (1987) Modulation of delayed hypersensitivity in mice by dietary nucleotide restriction. Transplantation 44: 847–849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurth CD, Steven JM, Benaron D, Chance B (1993) Near-infrared monitoring of the cerebral circulation. J Clin Monit 9: 163–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey JM, Wilmore DW (1990) Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid? Nutr Rev 48: 297–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachmann B, Jonson B, Lindroth M, Robertson B (1982) Modes of artificial ventilation in severe respiratory distress syndrome. Lung function and morphology in rabbits after wash-out of alveolar surfactant. Crit Care Med 10: 724–732

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachmann B, Robertson B, Vogel J (1980) In vivo lung lavage as an experimental model of the respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 24: 231–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landry SL, Kaiser DL, Wenzel RP (1989) Hospital stay and mortality attributed to nosocomial enterococcal bacteremia: a controlled study [see comments]. Am J Infect Control 17: 323–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langer M, Mascheroni D, Marcolin R, Gattinoni L (1988) The prone position in ARDS patients. A clinical study. Chest 94: 103–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leu HS, Kaiser DL, Mori M, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP (1989) Hospital-acquired pneumonia. Attributable mortality and morbidity. Am J Epidemiol 129: 1258–1267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewandowski K, Pappert D, Gerlach H, Rossaint R, Kuhlen R, Falke KJ (1995) Premissive hypercapnea in the treatment of ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 Suppl: A79

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingnau W, Berger J, Javorsky F, Benzer H (1995) Selective gut decontamination in multiple trauma patients: a prospective randomized trial. Shock Suppl 3: 17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long RR, Wirth FP (1987) Reversible somatosensory evoked potential changes with neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser use. Neurosurgery 21: 465–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas AI, Fleckenstein W, de Jong DA, van Santbrink H (1993) Monitoring cerebral oxygenation: experimental studies and preliminary clinical results of continuous monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue oxygen tension. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 59: 50–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW (1977) A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 296: 1305–1309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marion DW, Obrist WD, Carlier PM, Penrod LE, Darby JM (1993) The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: a preliminary report [see comments]. J Neurosurg 79: 354–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR (1991) A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 75: 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin MA, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP (1989) Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Mortality and hospital stay [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 110: 9–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez Pellus AE, Merino P, Bru M et al. (1993) Can selective digestive decontamination avoid the endotoxemia and cytokine activation promoted by cardiopulmonary bypass? [see comments]. Crit Care Med 21: 1684–1691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masing H, Weidenbrecher M (1983) Zur Indikation und Technik des epithelisierten Tracheostomas. In: Rügheimer (Hrsg) Intubation, Tracheotomie und bronchopulmonale Infektion. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Matamis D, Lemaire F, Harf A, Brun Buisson C, Ansquer JC, Atlan G (1984) Total respiratory pressure-volume curves in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 86: 58–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhall CG (1993) Surgical infections including burns. In: Wenzel RP (ed) Prevention and control of nosocomial infection. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 614–664

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarron RM, Uematsu S, Merkel N, Long D, Bembry J, Spatz M (1990) The role of arachidonic acid and oxygen radicals on cerebromicrovascular endothelial permeability. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 51: 61–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenney M, Lentz K, Nunez D et al. (1994) Can ultrasound replace diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of blunt trauma? J Trauma 37: 439–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Messmer K (1986) Fluid replacement in shock. In: Little RA, Frayn KN (eds) The scientific basis for the care of the critically ill. University Press, Manchester, pp 245–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelson A, Kamp HD, Schuster B (1991) Sinusitis bei langzeitintubierten Intensivpatienten: Nasale versus orale Intubation. Anaesthesist 40: 100–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JD (1985) Head injury and brain ischaemia-implications for therapy. Br J Anaesth 57: 120–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JD, Bobo H, Kapp JP (1986) Inaccurate pressure readings for subarachnoid bolts. Neurosurgery 19: 253–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki H, Trocki O, Dominioni L, Brackett KA, Joffe SN, Alexander JW (1984) Mechanism of prevention of postburn hypermetabolism and catabolism by early enterai feeding. Ann Surg 200: 297–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ et al. (1992) Early enterai feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 216: 172–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, McCroskey BL, Peterson VM (1989) TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma — reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29: 916–922

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris AH, Wallace CJ, Menlove RL et al. (1994) Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome [see comments] [published erratum appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 Mar; 149 (3 Pt 1): 838]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149: 295–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muizelaar JP, van der Poel HG, Li ZC, Kontos HA, Levasseur JE (1988) Pial arteriolar vessel diameter and CO2 reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in the rabbit. J Neurosurg 69: 923–927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muizellar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD et al. (1991) Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 75: 731–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel M, Saeger HD, Massoun H, Buschulte J (1991) Verletzungen von Dünn-und Dickdarm beim traumatisierten Abdomen. Unfallchirurg 94: 105–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson LD, Anderson HB (1989) Physiologic effects of steep positioning in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 124: 352–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols RL (1991) Surgical wound infection. Am J Med 91: 54S–64S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuytinck JK, Goris RJ (1985) Pathophysiology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure (MOF) — a hypothesis. Neth J Surg 37: 131–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obertacke U (1993) Lokale und systemische Reaktionen nach Lungenkontusion. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pape HC, Dwenger A, Grotz M et al. (1994) Does the reamer type influence the degree of lung dysfunction after femoral nailing following severe trauma? An animal study. J Orthop Trauma 8: 300–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen J, Schurizek BA, Meisen NC, Juhl B (1991) The effect of nasotracheal intubation on the paranasal sinuses. A prospective study of 434 intensive care patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 35: 11–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfenninger E, Ahnefeld FW, Kilian J, Dell U (1987) Das Verhalten der Blutgase bei Schädel-Hirn-traumatisierten Patienten am Unfallort und bei der Klinikaufnahme. Anaesthesist 36: 570–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pflügler E (1972) Über die Diffusion des Sauerstoffs, den Ort und die Gesetze der Oxydationsprozesse im tierischen Organismus. Pflügers Arch 6: 43–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piek J, Bock WJ (1990) Continuous monitoring of cerebral tissue pressure in neurosurgical practice — experiences with 100 patients. Intensive Care Med 16: 184–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piek J (1994) Komplikationen der Ventrikeldruckmessung bei Patienten mit Schädel-Hirn-Trauma und spontanen intrakraniellen Blutungen — eine prospektive Studie. Zentralbl Neurochir 55: 48–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittet D (1993) Nosocomial bloodstream infection. In: Wenzel RP (ed) Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 512–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittet D, Herwaldt LA, Massanari RM (1992) The intensive care unit. In: Brachman PS, Bennett JV (eds) Hospital infections. Little Brown, Boston, pp 404–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer AL, Gracey DR (1989) Consensus conference on artificial airways in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 96: 178–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior PF (1985) EEG monitoring and evoked potentials in brain ischaemia. Br J Anaesth 57: 63–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahn H (1964) Oxygen stores of man. In: Neil DF (ed) Oxygen in animal organism. MacMillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen HS, Kehlet H (1989) Kolloid versus krystalloid i behandlingen af hypovolaemi og septisk shock? Ugeskr Laeger 151: 2184–2186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regel G, Sturm JA, Neumann C, Schueler S, Tscherne H (1989) Occlusion of bronchopleural fistula after lung injury — a new treatment by bronchoscopy. J Trauma 29: 223–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regel G, Seekamp A, Aebert H, Wegener G, Sturm JA (1990) Bronchoscopy in severe blunt chest trauma. Surg Endosc 4: 31–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy JJ, Ramsay G (1990) Clinical trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract: review. Crit Care Med 18: 1449–1456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhart K, Wiegand C, Kersting T (1984) Zur Veränderung der Sauerstoffaffinität durch maschinelle Autotransfusion. Intensivmedizin Notfallmedizin Anästhesiologie 49: 115–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds JV, Daly JM, Shou J, Sigal R, Ziegler MM, Naji A (1990) Immunologic effects of arginine supplementation in tumorbearing and non-tumor-bearing hosts. Am Surg 211: 202–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rickels E, Rückholdt H, Burchert W, Möller M, Piepenbrock S, Haubitz B (1995) Hypoperfusion caused by hyperventilation and sedation. J Neurotrauma 12: 398

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson C (1993) Desaturation episodes after severe head injury: influence on outcome. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 59: 98–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi D, de Ville de Goyet J, Clement De Clety S, Wese F, Veyckemans F, Clapuyt P, Moulin D (1993) Management of intra-abdominal organ injury following blunt abdominal trauma in children. Intensive Care Med 19: 415–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph FB, Kulkarni AD, Fanslow WC, Pizzini RP, Kumar S, Van Buren CT (1990) Role of RNA as a dietary source of pyrimidines and purines in immune function. Nutrition 6: 45–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruf W, Friedl W, Weber G, Teller K (1990) Stellt der sonographische Nachweis von Blut im Abdomen nach stumpfem Bauchtrauma in jedem Fall eine Operationsindikation dar? Unfallchirurg 93: 132–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rügheimer E (1982) Die Tracheotomie. In: Benzer H, Frey R, Hügin W et al. (Hrsg) Anaesthesiologie Intensivmedizin und Reanimatologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 814–828

    Google Scholar 

  • Salord F, Gaussorgues P, Marti Flich J, Sirodot M, Allimant C, Lyonnet D, Robert D (1990) Nosocomial maxillary sinusitis during mechanical ventilation: a prospective comparison of orotracheal versus the nasotracheal route for intubation [see comments]. Intensive Care Med 16: 390–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP (1991) Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 91: 72S–75S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheppach W, Loges C, Bartram P et al. (1994) Effect of free glutamine and alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on mucosal proliferation of the human ileum and colon. Gastroenterology 107: 429–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel L, Civetta JM, Kirby RR (1977) A new mechanical method to influence pulmonary perfusion in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 5: 277–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmöker JD, Zhuang J, Shackford SR (1992) Hemorrhagic hypotension after brain injury causes an early and sustained reduction in cerebral oxygen delivery despite normalization of systemic oxygen delivery. J Trauma 32: 714–720

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnarkowski P, Brecht Krauss D, Goldmann A, Friedrich JM, Limmer J (1992) Die Abdomensonographie in der Primardiagnostik des stumpfen Bauchtraumas. Ultraschall Med 13: 102–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoettle RJ, Kochanek PM, Nemoto EM, Barmada MA, Magargee MJ, Melick JA (1989) Granulocyte accumulation and edema after cerebral trauma. Crit Care Med 17: 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroder ML, Muizelaar JP (1993) Monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in acute head injury by thermal diffusion. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 59: 47–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF (1984) The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentabarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci 11: 434–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweiss J (1982) Is continous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation a significant advance in hemodynamic monitoring and management of high risk patient? (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheinberg M, Kanter MJ, Robertson CS, Contant CF, Narayan RK, Grossman RG (1992) Continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in head-injured patients [see comments]. J Neurosurg 76: 212–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiozaki T, Sugimoto H, Taneda M, Yoshida H, Iwai A, Yoshioka T, Sugimoto T (1993) Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury [see comments]. J Neurosurg 79: 363–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker WC (1984) Pathophysiology and therapy of shock syndromes. In: Shoemaker WC, Thompson WL, Holbrook PR (eds) Textbook of critical care. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB (1991) Oxygen transport measurements to evaluate tissue perfusion and titrate therapy: dobutamine and dopamine effects. Crit Care Med 19: 672–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siesjö BK (1992) Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. J Neurosurg 77: 169–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon R, Scherzer E, Funk G (1992) Das Thoraxtrauma im Rahmen des Polytraumas-, Thorax-und Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. Unfallheilkunde 223: 317

    Google Scholar 

  • Sleijfer DT, Mulder NH, de Vries Hospers HG, Fidler V, Nieweg HO, van der Waaij D, van Saene HK (1980) Infection prevention in granulocytopenic patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Eur J Cancer 16: 859–869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souba WW, Klimberg VS, Plumley DA, Salloum RM, Flynn TC, Bland KI, Copeland EM, 3d (1990) The role of glutamine in maintaining a healthy gut and supporting the metabolic response to injury and infection. J Surg Res 48: 383–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamm WE (1991) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention. Am J Med 91: 65S–71S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stauffer JF, Silvestri RC (1982) Complications of endotracheal intubation, tracheotomy and artificial airways. Respir Care 27: 417–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehle P (1991) Das synthetische Dipeptid L-Alanyl-L-Glutamin — Ein neues Substrat für die klinische Ernährungstherapie. Zuckschwerdt, München Bern San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehle P, Zander J, Mertes N, Albers S, Puchstein C, Lawin P, Fürst P (1989) Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery [see comments]. Lancet 1: 231–233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens RM, Teres D, Skillman JJ, Feingold DS (1974) Pneumonia in an intensive care unit. A 30-month experience. Arch Intern Med 134: 106–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone DJ, Bogdonoff DL (1992) Airway considerations in the management of patients requiring long-term endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 74: 276–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoutenbeek CP, von Saene HK, Miranda DR, Zandstra DF (1984) The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on colonisation and infection rate in multiple trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 10: 185–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HK, Miranda DR, Zandstra DF, Langrehr D (1987) The effect of oropharyngeal decontamination using topical nonabsorbable antibiotics on the incidence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma 27: 357–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres A, Aznar R, Gatell JM et al. (1990) Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 142: 523–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres A, Pug de la Bellacasa J, Xaubet A, Gonzalez J, Rodriguez Roisin R, Jimenez de Anta MT, Agusti Vidal A (1989) Diagnostic value of quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheters in mechanically ventilated patients with bacterial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 306–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trilla A, Mensa J (1993) Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. In: Wenzel RP (ed) Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 665–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Tryba M, Kulka PJ (1993) Critical care pharmacotherapy. A review. Drugs 45: 338–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuno K, Miura K, Takeya M, Kolobow T, Morioka T (1991) Histopathologic pulmonary changes from mechanical ventilation at high peak airway pressures. Am Rev Respir Dis 143: 1115–1120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuxen DV (1994) Permissive hypercapnia. In: Tobin MJ (ed) Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 371–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Uauy R, Quan R, Gil A (1994) Role of nucleotides in intestinal development and repair: implications for infant nutrition. J Nutr 124: 1436S–1441S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich C, Harinck De Weerd JE, Bakker NC, Jacz K, Doornbos L, de Ridder VA (1989) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract with norfloxacin in the prevention of ICU-acquired infections: a prospective randomized study. Intensive Care Med 15: 424–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unterberg A, Rosenthal A, Schneider G-H et al. (1995 a) Validation of monitoring of cerebral oxygenation by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in comatose patients. In: Tsubokawa T, Marmarou A, Robertson C et al. (eds) Neurochemical monitoring in the intensive care unit. Springer. Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 204–210

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Unterberg A, Kiening K, Schneider G-H, Bardt T, Lanksch W (1995 b) Monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in severe head injury-jugular venous oxygen saturation vs. brain tissue pO2 and near infrared spectroscopy. J Neurotrauma 12: 405

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaisanen IT, Michelsen T, Valtonen V, Makelainen A (1985) Comparison of arterial and venous blood samples for the diagnosis of bacteremia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 13: 664–667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Santbrink H, Maas AIR, Avezaat CJJ (1996) Continuous monitoring of partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 38: 21–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent JL, Preiser JC (1993) Inotropic agents. New Horiz 1: 137–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Helden A, Schneider GH, Unterberg A, Lanksch WR (1993) Monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in comatose patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haematomas. Acta Neurochir Suppl Wien 59: 102–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Waaij D, Berghuis De Vries JM, Lekkerkerk V (1971) Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice. J Hyg Lond 69: 405–411

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waaij D, Berghuis De Vries JM, Lekkerkerk van der Wees (1972) Colonization resistance of the digestive tract and the spread of bacteria to the lymphatic organs in mice. J Hyg Lond 70: 335–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller JD et al. (1985) Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg 62: 383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel RP (1988) The mortality of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections: need for a new vital statistic? Int J Epidemiol 17: 225–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel RP, Thompson RL, Landry SM, Russell BS, Miller PJ Ponce de Leon S, Miller GB Jr (1983) Hospital-acquired infections in intensive care unit patients: an overview with emphasis on epidemics. Infect Control 4: 371–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West JB (1977) Pulmonary blood flow. In: West JB (ed) Regional differences in the lung. Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 86

    Google Scholar 

  • Whited RE (1979) Laryngeal dysfunction following prolonged intubation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 88: 474–478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whited RE (1984) A prospective study of laryngotracheal sequelae in long-term intubation. Laryngoscope 94: 367–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmore DW, Smith RJ, O’Dwyer ST, Jacobs DO, Ziegler TR, Wang XD (1988) The gut: a central organ after surgical stress. Surgery 104: 917–923

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfram G (1995) Omega-3-Fettsäuren — ihr Stoffwechsel und ihre Wirkungen auf vaskuläres System, Fettstoffwechsel und Immunsystem. Akt Ernähr Med 20: 173–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Zack MB, Pontoppidan H, Kazemi H (1974) The effect of lateral positions on gas exchange in pulmonary disease. A prospective evaluation. Am Rev Respir Dis 110: 49–55#

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. Regel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Th. Becker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Unfallchirurgischen Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623, Hannover, Germany

    Harald Tscherne (Direktor) & Gerd Regel (Direktor) & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Regel, G., Becker, T. (1997). Intensivmedizinische Versorgung. In: Tscherne, H., Regel, G. (eds) Tscherne Unfallchirurgie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59215-7_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59215-7_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63901-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59215-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation